Download Reading Weather - Granny`s Garden School

Growing the Future by Teaching Children in the Gardens
www.GrannysGardenSchool.org / 20 Miamiview Drive, Loveland, OH 45140 / 513-324-2873
Reading Weather
Grade Two
Lesson Summary
When to use this lesson
Use this lesson in spring as the class explores weather terminology, measurement, and
forecasting.
Objective
Students will collect information about weather to understand weather instruments and
readings and the impact of weather conditions on plants and animals in early spring.
Materials
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Compost thermometer to measure soil temperature
Air thermometer
Compasses
A strip of crepe paper
Cards to number stations
Folder with cardinal directions
Cloud pictures
Worksheet for each student
Clipboard for each student
Pencil for each student
Estimated Duration
30 minutes
Ohio Learning Standards Connections
Earth and Space Science
The atmosphere is made up of air.
 Air has properties that can be observed and measured. The transfer of energy in the
atmosphere causes air movement, which is felt as wind. Wind speed and direction can be
measured.
Water is present in the air.
 Water is present in the air as clouds, steam, fog, rain, ice, snow, sleet, or hail. When water in
the air cools (change of energy), it forms small droplets of water that can be seen as clouds.
Water can change from liquid to vapor in the air and from vapor to liquid. The water
droplets can form into raindrops. Water droplets can change to solid by freezing into snow,
sleet, or hail. Clouds are moved by flowing air.
Long- and short-term weather changes occur due to changes in energy.
 Changes in energy affect all aspects of weather, including temperature, precipitation
amount and wind.
In Advance
Revised 12/15 © 2013 – 2015 Granny's Garden School, Inc. We encourage you to use these lesson plans and change
them to fit your specific needs. We ask only that you credit Granny's Garden School as your source.
Page 1
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Weather instruments are located in the back and front courtyards. Ahead of time set up the
following stations. Decide how you will group them based on how many volunteers you
have to assign to a station to help with readings.
 Air temperature
 Soil temperature
 Rain gauge
 Barometer/hygrometer
 Cloud types
 Wind direction with compasses
About Weather
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What is weather? Conditions in the air like hot, windy, cloudy, wet. Weather changes
happen because energy changes. Weather instruments help us understand changes in
energy.
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How is weather information collected? Forecasters gather information from weather stations
(pressure, temperature, winds, and humidity), satellites (temperature, cloud cover, and
wind), and weather balloons (pressure, temperature, winds, and humidity).
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Who needs weather information and why? Why is knowing weather conditions important for
people who grow plants like farmers and us? Low temperatures may result in frost, which
can kill plants. Lack of rain in the forecast needs a watering plan, especially for newly
germinated plants.
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What are clouds? Clouds are a collection of water droplets or ice crystals so small they float.
How does water get into the air? Evaporation from collections of water on the ground
changes water to water vapor, a gas. What are some collections of water? Lakes, oceans,
rivers, puddles, streams. Plant leaves give off water vapor in transpiration. In the air, water
vapor becomes colder the higher up it is. Condensation turns water vapor into water
droplets that make up clouds. As the water droplets move around in the cloud, they
become heavier and larger and eventually fall back to the ground as precipitation. What
forms of precipitation come from clouds? Snow, rain, sleet, hail.
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Give every student a worksheet. Explain that students will complete the worksheet by finding
and reading the weather instruments.
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Students will read these weather instruments. Ask students what they measure. As you
discuss an instrument, record the unit of measurement on the worksheet as a group.
 Thermometer: A thermometer is an instrument used to measure temperature, or how hot
or cold something is. You can feel the change in energy when temperature changes.
The thermometer measures what we feel. What is the unit used to describe
temperature? Degrees. How are degrees expressed? Fahrenheit or the metric Celsius.
Which unit is smaller? What is the relationship between the size of the units and the
number of the reading? Smaller units of measurement result in a larger number for the
same temperature.
 Rain gauge: A rain gauge measures rainfall. Rain happens when water vapor cools with
changes in energy in the air. Water vapor condenses on dust to make water droplets
that get larger and heavier and collide in clouds. The unit to measure rainfall in the
gauge is inches. Why doesn’t the one-inch mark on our rain gauge match up with one
inch on a ruler? Our rain gauge is a wedge shape. The narrow shape at the bottom
squeezes the water upwards. The numerical units marked on the gauge have been
adjusted to take the shape into consideration. If the sides were straight, from top to
bottom, one inch on the gauge would match up with one inch on the ruler.
Recording Weather Conditions
Revised 12/15 © 2013 – 2015 Granny's Garden School, Inc. We encourage you to use these lesson plans and change
them to fit your specific needs. We ask only that you credit Granny's Garden School as your source.
Page 2
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Barometer: A barometer measures air pressure or how much the air is pressing down
onto the ground. You can’t feel it because the air pressure in our bodies is pushing back
with equal force. Air pressure changes when energy in the air changes. Changes in
barometric pressure predict the type of weather on the way. Air pressure is measured in
pounds per square inch.
Hygrometer: A hygrometer measures humidity, or how much water vapor is in the air.
Humidity changes when energy in the air changes. Warmer air can hold more water
vapor, so humidity will be higher. Can you see water vapor in the air? Can you feel it?
The unit of water vapor is percent.
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Clouds: Show a picture of the cloud types that students will find at the station.
 Cirrus clouds are tiny ice crystals high in the sky that are blown by wind into thin wispy
patterns. They look like streamers or feathers and indicate fair weather and that a
change can occur in 24 hours.
 Stratus clouds are low, flat gray clouds that look like a blanket of fog covering the entire
sky. They block the sun’s rays and indicate rain.
 Cumulus clouds have vertical growth with a big, rounded top. They are puffy and
resemble cotton balls. They are low to ground and indicate calm, fair weather.
 Cumulonimbus clouds are cumulus clouds that continue to grow vertically. Nimbus
clouds are dark clouds that produce rain. Cumulonimbus clouds can look anvil-shaped
with a flat top and puffy bottom. They are thunderstorm clouds and indicate the
possibility of heavy rain/snow, hail, or lightning.
 Contrails are the condensation trails from jets.
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Air movement is wind. Wind happens when the air pressure changes. Students will find from
what direction the wind is blowing. Show a compass. Compasses will be on a table for
students. Explain to students how to use the type of compass they will find at the wind
station. They can test their accuracy by opening a folder that has cardinal directions
marked and that has been positioned correctly at the station. The wind vane is another
option in the front courtyard.
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Split students into groups and assign them an instrument to read first. Assign an adult to work
with each group. If you do not have enough adults, tell students to stay at the station until
you tell them to switch to the next number. Station any adult leaders near difficult to read
instruments.
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Save time at the end to share readings.
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Discuss how the instruments can be used to forecast weather. High humidity on the
hygrometer means more moisture in the air. When humidity gets close to 100%, you might
see fog or mist, but not necessarily rain. Humidity is also high after a rain. Rising barometric
pressure on the barometer indicates fair weather; falling pressure indicates wet or stormy
weather. A drop in temperature during the day could signal a cold front and rain. Wind
indicates changes in air pressure and weather fronts that could lead to rain.
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Because students will graph air and soil temperature later in the season, you should note
these temperatures on the chart you started on planting day.
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Example for a cool morning: Breathe out warm breath into cold air. The cloud you see is
water droplets forming from water vapor. The warm water vapor from your breath cools in
the air and forms your own cloud (same principle with breathing on a cold surface like a
window, mirror, etc.).
More About Weather
Revised 12/15 © 2013 – 2015 Granny's Garden School, Inc. We encourage you to use these lesson plans and change
them to fit your specific needs. We ask only that you credit Granny's Garden School as your source.
Page 3
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Weather occurs in the lowest part of the atmosphere called the troposphere, which is 6 to 10
miles thick. The next layer is the stratosphere, which has ozone. Ozone blocks dangerous
rays from the sun.
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The sky looks blue because air particles scatter more blue light into our eyes. Sunset looks
orange or red because dust in the lower air blocks blue rays.
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What are clouds? Clouds are a collection of water droplets or ice crystals so small they float.
Water vapor near the ground rises and cools. When the air becomes saturated, water
droplets begin to form around dust particles. When billions of these droplets come together,
clouds form. Clouds float when the cloud is warmer than the air outside it. Cold air is more
dense than warm air. The cooler air sinks and pushes up the warm air. Clouds are white
because they reflect all the colors of the rainbow equally. They appear gray if they are so
thick or high that light cannot pass through or because there are so many clouds that they
cast shadows on each other.
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More about clouds
 Alto is the prefix used for middle height clouds. Altostratus clouds are gray or blue gray,
and indicate rain or snow. Altocumulus clouds are gray puffy masses usually on humid
mornings before afternoon rain.
 Cirrostratus clouds are thin and sheet-like. You can see sun/moon through them. Rain or
snow is predicted within 12-24 hours
 Cirrocumulus clouds are small, round puffballs in rows. They predict fair and cold
weather in winter.
 Stratocumulus clouds are elongated, stretched-out puffy clouds. When you still see
patches of blue sky, expect no rain. They may turn into nimbostratus clouds that are dark
gray with continuous light to moderate rain.
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Lowest humidity is found in deserts, highest humidity in rain forests. Warm air can hold a lot of
water, which is why we have higher humidity in summer.
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Raindrops are from 1/100 of an inch to ¼ inch in diameter, and fall at a rate of 7 to 18 miles
per hour (not taking into account wind) depending on their size.
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Dew forms on cool ground when the air is warm. Water vapor condenses to liquid.
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Frost occurs when the air is below freezing and water vapor condenses into liquid and
freezes into ice crystals. Plants are injured when the ice crystals on the leaf draw water out of
the plant.
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Fahrenheit was named for Dr. Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit of Germany in 1724. Celsius was
named for Anders Celsius of Sweden in 1742. Anders had 0º C as boiling and 100º C for
freezing. After Celsius died in 1744, Carolus Linneaus of Sweden made 0º C freezing and 100º
C boiling for an ascending range.
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I Can Read About Weather by Robyn Supraner. Troll Publishing: Mahwah, New Jersey , 1997
Weather by Robin Kerrod. Gareth Stevens Publishing: Strongsville, Ohio, 1998.
Weather Words and What They Mean by Gail Gibbons. Holiday House: New York, New York,
1990.
Fahrenheit, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit
Celsius, Wikepedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius
Clouds, Weather Wiz Kids, http://www.weatherwizkids.com/cloud.htm, 04-29-09.
Bill Robertson, Bill. “Why does air expand when you heat it, and why does hot air rise?”
Science and Children : Science 101,
http://www.nsta.org/publications/news/story.aspx?id=52428&print=true, 01-30-12.
Sources
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Revised 12/15 © 2013 – 2015 Granny's Garden School, Inc. We encourage you to use these lesson plans and change
them to fit your specific needs. We ask only that you credit Granny's Garden School as your source.
Page 4
Growing the Future by Teaching Children in the Gardens
www.GrannysGardenSchool.org / 20 Miamiview Drive, Loveland, OH 45140 / 513-324-2873
Reading Weather – Grade Two
Name: _______________________________________
Weather instrument
1
2
3
4
5
What is the reading?
The air thermometer measures air
temperature.
Write the temperature.
The soil thermometer measures soil
temperature.
Write the temperature.
The rain gauge measures rainfall.
unit
unit
unit
Write the number of inches.
The barometer measures air pressure.
Circle the correct symbol.
The hygrometer measures water vapor in the
air.
Write the number.
unit
Type of cloud
Circle the name.
6
7
Cumulus
Stratus
Cirrus
Cumulonimbus
fair weather
rain
fair weather that
will change
thunder clouds
Direction wind is blowing from
Circle the direction.
In science, we discuss properties of air to understand weather. Today we read instruments in Granny’s gardens
and discussed what they measure. Ask your student why forecasting weather is important. Email
[email protected] to join us for our next gardening experience!
Revised 12/15 © 2013 - 2015 Granny's Garden School, Inc. We encourage you to use these lesson plans and change them to fit your
specific needs. We ask only that you credit Granny's Garden School as your source.
Page 5
cirrus
cirrus1-httpwww.weatherwizkids.com-weather-clouds.htm-28-mar-2013
Revised 12/15 © 2013 - 2015 Granny's Garden School, Inc. We encourage you to use these lesson plans and change them to fit your specific needs. We ask only that you credit
Granny's Garden School as your source.
Page 6
cirrus
cirrus-httpspaceplace.nasa.gov-cloud-scramble-28-mar-2013
Revised 12/15 © 2013 - 2015 Granny's Garden School, Inc. We encourage you to use these lesson plans and change them to fit your specific needs. We ask only that you credit
Granny's Garden School as your source.
Page 7
cumulonimbus
cumulonimbus3-httpspaceplace.nasa.gov-cloud-scramble-28-mar-2013
Revised 12/15 © 2013 - 2015 Granny's Garden School, Inc. We encourage you to use these lesson plans and change them to fit your specific needs. We ask only that you credit
Granny's Garden School as your source.
Page 8
cumulonimbus
cumulonimbus-httpfreebigpictures.com-clouds-pictures-28-mar-2013
Revised 12/15 © 2013 - 2015 Granny's Garden School, Inc. We encourage you to use these lesson plans and change them to fit your specific needs. We ask only that you credit
Granny's Garden School as your source.
Page 9
cumulus
cumulus1-httpwww.weatherwizkids.com-weather-clouds.htm-28-mar-2013
Revised 12/15 © 2013 - 2015 Granny's Garden School, Inc. We encourage you to use these lesson plans and change them to fit your specific needs. We ask only that you credit
Granny's Garden School as your source.
Page 10
cumulus
cumulus-httpspaceplace.nasa.gov-cloud-scramble-28-mar-2013
Revised 12/15 © 2013 - 2015 Granny's Garden School, Inc. We encourage you to use these lesson plans and change them to fit your specific needs. We ask only that you credit
Granny's Garden School as your source.
Page 11
stratus
stratus1-httpwww.weatherwizkids.com-weather-clouds.htm-28-mar-2013
Revised 12/15 © 2013 - 2015 Granny's Garden School, Inc. We encourage you to use these lesson plans and change them to fit your specific needs. We ask only that you credit
Granny's Garden School as your source.
Page 12
stratus
stratus-fractus-httpfreebigpictures.com-clouds-pictures-28-mar-2013
Revised 12/15 © 2013 - 2015 Granny's Garden School, Inc. We encourage you to use these lesson plans and change them to fit your specific needs. We ask only that you credit
Granny's Garden School as your source.
Page 13