Download session nine – emotions

UGBS 108
PSYCHOLOGY FOR EVERYDAY
LIVING
Session 8 – Learning
Lecturer: Dr. Paul Narh Doku, Dept of Psychology, UG
Contact Information: [email protected]
College of Education
School of Continuing and Distance Education
2014/2015 – 2016/2017
Session Overview
• This session introduces learners to the principles of learning
and behavior by surveying relevant theoretical and empirical
approaches within learning psychology. The following topics
will be reviewed: Meaning and scope of learning, classical
conditioning and its practical applications, operant
conditioning and its applications, observational learning and
its applications, cognitive learning and its applications,
transfer of learning and the factors that affect transfer of
learning. Understanding these learning theories and principles
is an integral part of psychology and other domains of human
behavior, such as marketing, sports, health, education and
relationships
Dr. Richard Boateng, UGBS
Slide 2
Session Outline
• The key topics to be covered in the
session are as follows:
Topic One – Defining Emotions
Topic Two - Theories of Emotion
Topic Three - Embodied Emotion
Topic Four - Expressed Emotion
Topic Five - Experienced Emotion
Slide 3
Reading List
• Refer to students to relevant text/chapter or reading materials
you will make available on Sakai
Slide 4
Defining Emotion
The feeling, such as fear, joy, or
surprise, that underlies behavior
Emotion
Emotions are our body’s adaptive response.
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Emotion
Emotions are a mix of 1) physiological
activation, 2) expressive behaviors, and 3)
conscious experience.
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Emotion
Three Components of Emotion
§Emotion is….
….a feeling state
characterized by
physiological arousal,
expressive behaviors,
and a cognitive
interpretation.
Summary on defining Emotions
• Emotion/affect: Emotions are stirred up
states…………a positive or negative response
that includes some combination of
physiological arousal, cognitions, and behavior
• Components of emotion include:
– Cognitive: thoughts, beliefs and expectations
– Physiological: Internal physical changes related to
arousal
– Behavioral: Outward signs of an emotional state
Experienced Emotion
Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most of
them are present in infancy, except for
Shame, and guilt.
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Marc Grimberg/ The Image Bank
Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit
Nancy Brown/ The Image Bank
Patrick Donehue/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
Tom McCarthy/ Rainbow
Lew Merrim/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Basic Emotions

•
•
•
•
Plutchik proposed that there are eight basic
emotions
Fear
Surprise
Sadness
Disgust
•
•
•
•
Anger
Anticipation
Joy
Acceptance
Plutchik’s Basic Emotions
Basic Emotions
• Some have criticized Plutchik’s model as applying
only to English-speakers
• Revised model of basic emotions includes:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Happiness
Surprise
Sadness
Fear
Disgust
Anger
Emotional Expression
• Emotional states are communicated via
– Facial expressions
• Certain emotional facial expressions are recognized
across cultures
– Body movements can signal emotional arousal (hair
twisting, facial tics)
– Tone of voice can signal emotion (paralanguage cues)
The Expressive Component
Nonverbal Communication
How Well do People Identify Emotions?
Brain Control of Emotion
• Limbic system is
involved in emotional
states
– Includes the amygdala,
hypothalamus
• Frontal lobes modulate
emotions (Phineas
Gage)
Three Theories of Emotion
• Does your heart pound because
you are afraid...
or are you
afraid because you feel your
heart pounding?
Controversy
1) Does physiological arousal precede or follow
your emotional experience?
2) Does cognition (thinking) precede emotion
(feeling)?
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Commonsense View
When you become happy, your heart starts
beating faster. First comes conscious awareness,
then comes physiological activity.
Bob Sacha
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1. James-Lange Theory
William James and Carl
Lange proposed an
idea that was
diametrically opposed
to the common-sense
view. The James-Lange
Theory proposes that
physiological activity
precedes the emotional
experience.
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James-Lange
Theory of Emotion
• Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological
responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Fear
(emotion)
The Physiological Component
A Historical Perspective
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
• Emotion arises from
physiological arousal
– Happiness comes from
smiling
– Sadness comes from crying
2. Cannon-Bard Theory
Walter Cannon and
Phillip Bard
questioned the JamesLange Theory and
proposed that an
emotion-triggering
stimulus and the
body's arousal take
place simultaneously.
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Cannon-Bard
Theory of Emotion
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal) • Emotion-arousing stimuli
simultaneously trigger:
– physiological responses
– subjective experience of
emotion
Fear
(emotion)
The Physiological Component
A Historical Perspective
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
• Emotion originates in the
thalamus
“Body” (physiological systems)
and
“Mind” (emotional experience)
are independently activated at
the same time
3. Two-Factor Theory
Stanley Schachter and
Jerome Singer
proposed yet another
theory which suggests
our physiology and
cognitions create
emotions. Emotions
have two factors–
physical arousal and
cognitive label.
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Schachter’s Two Factor Theory
of Emotion
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Cognitive
label
“I’m afraid”
Fear • To experience
(emotion) emotion one must:
– be physically
aroused
– cognitively label
the arousal
The Cognitive Component
Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
• Physiological arousal
– Sweaty palms
– Increased heart rate
– Rapid breathing
• Cognitive Label
– Attribute source of arousal
to a cause.
• To have an emotion, both
factors are required.
Summary of the Theories of Emotion
• James-Lange theory
– Environmental stimuli bring on physiological changes that
we interpret as emotions
• Cannon-Bard theory
– Environmental stimuli elicit emotions and bodily responses
simultaneously
• Cognitive theory
– Environment gives us clues that help us interpret
physiological reaction
Reviewing the three
Emotion occurs at the
same time as arousal
Emotion follows
(lags behind) arousal
Arousal + Cognitive
label  Emotion
Summary of Theories of Emotion
Emotion - Lie Detectors
• Polygraph
– machine commonly used in attempts to
detect lies
– measures several of the physiological
responses accompanying emotion
• perspiration
• heart rate
• blood pressure
• breathing changes
Emotion- A Polygraph
Examination
Emotion- Lie Detectors
• Control Question
– Up to age 18, did you ever physically
harm anyone?
• Relevant Question
– Did the deceased threaten to harm you
in any way?
• Relevant > Control --> Lie
Emotion-Lie Detectors
Respiration
Perspiration
Heart rate
Control
question
Relevant
question
(a)
Control
question
Relevant
question
(b)
Emotion - Lie Detectors
• 50 Innocents
• 50 Theives
Percentage
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Innocent
people
Guilty
people
Judged innocent by polygraph
Judged guilty by polygraph
– 1/3 of innocent
declared guilty
– 1/4 of guilty
declared innocent
(from Kleinmuntz
& Szucko, 1984)
Detecting and Computing Emotion
Most people find it difficult to detect deceiving
emotions. Even trained professionals like police
officers, psychiatrists, judges, and polygraphists
detected deceiving emotions only 54% of the time.
Dr. Paul Elkman, University of California at San Francisco
Which of Paul Ekman’s smiles
is genuine?
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References
• Coon, D. and Mitterer, O. J (2013). Introduction to
Psychology (13th ed). Wadsworth Cengage learning. Pp.
350-361
• Feldman, S. R, Collins, J. E. and Green, M. J (2005).
Essentials of understanding psychology (2nd ed). McGrawHill Ryerson. pp. 277-283
• Kosslyn, M. S, and Rosenberg, R. (2006). Psychology in
context. pearson. Pp. 426-448
• Weiten, W. (2009). Psychology: Themes and variations (8th
ed). cengage learning. Pp. 419-428
Dr. Richard Boateng, UGBS
Slide 38