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Chapter 44.1 to 44.4 Osmoregulation and Excretion PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 44-2 Fill in the missing information. Selectively permeable membrane _________ Net water flow _________ ______________ side __________________ side Fig. 44-4a Are saltwater fish losing or gaining water from its environment? Is there urine dilute or concentrated? Gain of water and salt ions from food Gain of water and salt ions from drinking seawater Excretion of salt ions from gills Osmotic water loss through gills and other parts of body surface Excretion of salt ions and small amounts of water in scanty urine from kidneys (a) Osmoregulation in a saltwater fish Fig. 44-4b Are freshwater fish losing or gaining water from its environment? Is there urine dilute or concentrated? Uptake of water and some ions in food Uptake of salt ions by gills Osmotic water gain through gills and other parts of body surface Excretion of large amounts of water in dilute urine from kidneys (b) Osmoregulation in a freshwater fish Fig. 44-5 How have these organisms evolved to survive with little water? 100 µm 100 µm (a) Hydrated tardigrade (b) Dehydrated tardigrade Fig. 44-6a If both animals are mammals, why don’t they use the same method to obtain water? Water balance in a kangaroo rat (2 mL/day) Ingested in food (0.2) Water gain (mL) Derived from metabolism (1.8) Water balance in a human (2,500 mL/day) Ingested in food (750) Ingested in liquid (1,500) Derived from metabolism (250) Fig. 44-7 How would the type of animal prey that a marine bird eats influence how much salt it needs to eliminate? EXPERIMENT Ducts Nasal salt gland Nostril with salt secretions Fig. 44-9 Where does the amino group that is eliminated as waste product come from? How does the environment affect the form in which the amino group is eliminated? Proteins Nucleic acids Amino acids Nitrogenous bases Amino groups Most aquatic animals, including most bony fishes Ammonia Mammals, most Many reptiles amphibians, sharks, (including birds), some bony fishes insects, land snails Urea Uric acid Fig. 44-10 Match the statements with the functions in the diagram. Filtration Capillary Secretion: Toxins and excess ions are pulled from the blood to the filtrate. Excretory tubule Filtration: Initial step of altering blood composition by moving water and solutes through Bowman’s capsule. Excretion: When the final filtrate called urine leaves exits. Urine Reabsorption: The filtrate is adjusted by pulling out valuable substrates and returning them back into the body fluids. Fig. 44-14a What supplies blood to the kidneys? Drains blood away from the kidneys? vena cava Renal artery and vein Aorta Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra (a) Excretory organs and major associated blood vessels Kidney Fig. 44-14b Where does fluid from the renal medulla initially collect? Where does all of that fluid collect? Renal medulla Renal cortex Renal pelvis Ureter (b) Kidney structure Section of kidney from a rat 4 mm Fig. 44-14d What pattern can be seen in how the pathway of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is laid out? Glomerulus 10 µm SEM Bowman’s capsule Proximal tubule Distal tubule Collecting duct Descending limb Loop of Henle (d) Filtrate and blood flow Ascending limb Vasa recta Fig. 44-15 Some cells lining tubules in the kidney synthesize organic solutes to maintain normal cell volume. Where in the kidney would you find these cells? Explain. Proximal tubule NaCl Nutrients HCO3– H2O K+ H+ NH3 Distal tubule H2O NaCl K+ HCO3– H+ Filtrate CORTEX Loop of Henle NaCl H2O OUTER MEDULLA NaCl Collecting duct Key Active transport Passive transport Urea NaCl INNER MEDULLA H2O Fig. 44-16-3 The drug furosemide blocks the contransporters for Na+ and Cl- in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. What effect would you expect this drug to have on urine volume? Osmolarity of interstitial fluid (mOsm/L) 300 300 100 300 100 CORTEX H2O H2O NaCl 300 400 400 H2O NaCl 400 300 200 H2O NaCl H2O H2O NaCl NaCl OUTER MEDULLA H2O NaCl 600 H2O 400 600 H2O NaCl H2O 600 Urea H2O 900 NaCl Key Active transport Passive transport INNER MEDULLA H2O NaCl 700 H2O 900 Urea H2O Urea 1,200 1,200 1,200 Fig. 44-17 What is the advantage of excreting waste as uric acid like this roadrunner does?
