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THEORIES OF LEARNING & MEMORY
Intro to Learning (p.215-217)
Learning
Habituation
Associative Learning
Classical Conditioning (p.218-227)
Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
Unconditioned response (UR)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Conditioned response (CR)
Acquisition
Higher-order (second-order) conditioning
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
HW (p.223-227)
Cognitive processes & classical conditioning
*Robert Rescorla’s theory
Seligman & learned helplessness
(*Escape/avoidance conditioning)
Biological predispositions and classical
conditioning
Taste aversion
Applications of classical conditioning
John B. Watson’s “Little Albert” study
Operant Conditioning (p.228-240)
HW (p.228-232)
Respondent behavior
Operant conditioning
Operant behavior
Edward Thorndike’s “Law of Effect”
& Instrumental conditioning
Skinner’s operant chamber (“Skinner’s box”)
Shaping & chaining
Successive approximations
Discriminative stimulus
Reinforcer
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Primary reinforcers
(p.232-240)
Conditioned (secondary) reinforcers
Immediate v. delayed reinforcers
Continuous reinforcement
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
Fixed-ratio schedule
Variable-ratio schedule
Fixed-interval schedule
Variable-interval schedule
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment (Omission Training)
Cognition & operant conditioning
Latent learning
Cognitive map
Insight learning
Biological predispositions & operant conditioning
*Premack Principle
Applications of operant conditioning
*Token economy
Observational Learning (p.242-249)
Observational learning (modeling)
Mirror neurons
*Vicarious conditioning
Albert Bandura’s “Bobo doll” study
Applications of Observational Learning
Prosocial effects of observ. learning
Antisocial effects of observ. learning
Information Processing (p.257-258)
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
*See “Three Box/Atkinson Shiffrin Model”
Encoding (p.258-265)
Automatic processing
Effortful processing
Spacing effect (massed practice v. distributed
practice)
Serial position effect
Recency effect
Primacy effect
Levels of processing
Visual encoding & imagery
Acoustic encoding
Semantic encoding
Mnemonics
Chunking
Hierarchies
*Deep v. shallow processing
(Elaborative/maintenance rehearsal, etc.)
Storage (p.265-274)
Sensory memory
Iconic memory
Echoic memory
*Haptic memory
Working/Short-term memory
Long-term memory
Storing memories in the brain (where?)
*Engrams
Synaptic changes (long-term potentiation,
LTP)
Stress hormones & memory
Flashbulb memories
*Connectionism
*Retrospective memory
*Prospective memory
THEORIES OF LEARNING & MEMORY
Implicit memory
*Procedural memory
Explicit memory
Episodic memory
Semantic memory
Amnesia, *organic amnesia
*Infantile amnesia
Hippocampus & memory storage
Cerebellum & memory storage
Retrieval (p.274-278)
Recall v. recognition
Relearning
Retrieval cues
Priming
Context effects (context-dependent memory)
Déjà vu
Moods & memories
State-dependent memory
Mood-congruent memory
Forgetting (p.278-284)
Encoding failure
Storage decay
Retrieval failure
Proactive interference
Retroactive interference
Motivated forgetting
Repression
*Retrograde amnesia
*Anterograde amnesia
Memory Construction (p.285-293)
Elizabeth Loftus
Misinformation effect
Imagination inflation
Source amnesia (source misattribution)
*Confabulation
False memories
Eyewitness recall
Repressed or constructed memories of abuse?
Methods for improving memory (Method of Loci,
Peg-word mnemonics – also see
mnemonics, chunking, hierarchies)
THEORIES OF LEARNING & MEMORY