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The Chemistry and Physics of Forensics Course Objectives and Requirements Instructor: Office: Office Hours: E-mail: Class Web Page: Ms. Katherine Grobsky 323 Monday/Wednesday 2:15-3:30; Other times by appointment [email protected] www.waterfordschools.org//Domain/456 CPF is a science class designed to allow for student mastery of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) for physical science in a fun and engaging manner, using the field of Forensic Science. Important chemistry and physics concepts will be taught through hands on forensic investigations. This course is designed to help students see how science is used to answer real questions in the real world. Students will have the opportunity to be scientists, not just students who study science. "Wherever he steps, whatever he touches, whatever he leaves, even unconsciously, will serve as a silent witness against him.” Professor Edmond Locard, father of Locard's Exchange Principle Forensics is a diverse field, and rarely are forensic scientists people who specialize in all aspects of forensic science. Forget what you see on CSI. Forensic scientists rarely interview suspects or make arrests, and they are not experts in all areas of forensic investigations. Rather, forensic experts usually specialize in one or two branches of forensic investigation. This course will specifically focus on how chemistry and physics are used in the field of forensic science. Chemists may specialize in forensic toxicology or arson analysis. People with expertise in physics may focus on firearms and ballistics or blood spatter analysis. These topics will be the foundations for this course. Course Expectations 1. Treat your classmates with respect. We are all equal in this class and you will be expected to treat each other in a manner that is appropriate. This means that you will not use foul language, interrupt when someone is speaking or deliberately distract the class. Cheating will not be tolerated. Waterford High School administration and your parents will be notified. 2. Cell phones should be kept away unless I ask you to use them for an activity. Studies have shown that the distraction provided by a cell phone causes students to perform 20% below their ability on assignments – that’s two whole letter grades! PLEASE- keep your phone use to a minimum in my classroom. I respect your need to use it, but please respect my time to teach you. 3. Follow all safety rules in the lab. This includes no food or beverages allowed in the classroom during labs. I have zero tolerance for disruptive behavior, especially in lab. It is simply too dangerous. You will be removed immediately from lab and receive a zero should disruptive behavior occur or if you do not follow safety procedures. A request for your permanent removal from the class could occur if your behavior continues. 4. We will be creating an interactive notebook over the course of the semester. You are required to have a 3 ring binder (preferably 2” thick) that you will bring with you to every class. Please see me if you are unable to get a binder and I will get one for you. Grading Grading is based on a point system for this class. For example, if a homework assignment is out of ten points and you had one incorrect answer, your grade would be 9/10. Percentages will be used to give more weight to certain assignments such as tests and projects. Assessments There will be 2 to 3 tests given each quarter. These tests will be factored in as 25% of your grade Lab work You will be evaluated based on your participation and the completion of the required work. These assignments will have the greatest influence on your grade in this course. Labs will be worth 40% of your quarter grade. Homework Homework is designed to help reinforce the work we do in class. Homework will count as 10% of your quarter grade. Classwork Class Participation Notebook Your role in this class is very important. In order to be successful you will need to take part in all activities. This will be worth 25% of your quarter grade. Course Outline Unit 1 - The Basics of Becoming a Forensic Scientist This introductory unit provides an overview of chemistry, the scientific method and the role of forensic scientists. Methods of classifying matter and the changes they undergo are emphasized. Lesson General Overview Topics Covered Syllabus 1 Welcome! Safety Becoming a Forensic Scientist – The Scientific Steps of the scientific method applied to the crime 2 Method scene 3 Types of Physical Evidence Pure substances Elements Compounds Mixtures 4 Physical Evidence Collection 5 Preserving Physical Evidence 6 Evidence Analysis SI units Metric system prefixes Derived SI units (density and temperature) Sig figs Precision Accuracy Physical properties Physical changes Chemical properties Chemical changes Separation of mixtures Unit 2 - Chemical Nature of Evidence How chemists represent chemical formulas and name substances are explained from the perspective of how these are derived. The periodic table is used to predict the charges and formulas of monatomic and polyatomic ions. Lesson General Overview Topics Covered Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr Electrons, protons, and neutrons Isotopes 1 The Evolution of the Atomic Theory Atomic number Mass number Element symbols Organization of the periodic table 2 Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table Classifying the elements on the periodic table Formation of ionic compounds 3 Elements, Compounds, and Chemical Formulas Formation of molecular compounds Notation of a chemical formula (subscripts) Learning the common ions and determining oxidation numbers 4 Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds Writing formulas for binary and ternary ionic compounds Writing formulas of transition metal compounds Naming binary and ternary ionic compounds 5 Naming Ionic Compounds Naming transition metal compounds Writing and Naming Formulas for Molecular Names and formulas of binary molecular 6 Compounds compounds Unit 3 - Identification of Chemical Evidence Mole, mass or particle ratios based on a chemical formula are used to determine the experimental proportions of the elements present in a compound. Calculations of percent composition by mass, empirical formulas, true molecular formulas are illustrated. Lesson General Overview Topics Covered Atomic mass and the periodic table 1 Measuring Atoms in the Laboratory Avogadro’s number and the mole Molar mass 2 Using the Mole as a Unit Using dimensional analysis to convert between mass, moles, 3 4 Identifying Unknown Substances using Mass Spectroscopy Identifying Unknown Substances using Mass Spectroscopy 5 Identifying Type of Evidence Through Chemical Reactions 6 Chemical Equation Basics and number of atoms/molecules Law of Definite Composition Calculating % composition Determining empirical formulas Determining molecular formulas from empirical formulas Law of Conservation of Matter Interpretation of chemical equations Coefficients vs. subscripts Writing a balanced chemical equation Balancing chemical equations by inspection Unit 4 - Accident Reconstruction The nature of exothermic versus endothermic reactions will be studied by calorimetry experiments. Stoichiometry and Hess’ Law will be applied to calculate energy changes that occur. Lesson General Overview 1 Newton’s Laws 2 Conservation of Momentum 3 Topics Covered Types of energy Units of energy Transferring energy Physical Properties Comparing Glass Fragments Glass Fractures Collection and Preservation of Glass Evidence Law of Conservation of Energy First Law of Thermodynamics Unit 5 - Identifying Evidence in an Explosion How does residue from an explosion provide investigators with the name, type and shipping information of an explosive used in a crime? The nature of heat transfer, gas laws and the kinetic molecular theory will be applied to data collected from explosions. Gas spectroscopy and atomic emissions data will be used to analyze materials used in an explosion. Physics topics associated with thrust and sound will also be explored. Lesson General Overview 1 Heat Heat transfer Exothermic vs. endothermic 2 Types of Reactions Combustion Combustion reactions Searching the Fire Scene Collection and Preservation of Arson Evidence Momentum 3 Projectile Motion and Center of Mass Topics Covered 4 Collection and Analysis of Explosives Newton's second and third laws will be used to investigate when a system expels or accelerates mass in one direction. Concepts of mass, force and acceleration will be discussed. Types of waves Pressure and longitudinal waves Atomic spectroscopy Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Thrust 5 Sound Waves 6 Colors Unit 7 - Identifying Evidence with a Weapons Analysis Ballistics is a field of forensics that allows a firearms examiner to determine if a particular bullet or cartridge case was fired from a specific firearm. This determination can be made thanks to small, often microscopic markings on bullets or cartridge cases that are unique to ammunition fired from that firearm. Lesson General Overview Topics Covered Velocity 1 Ballistic Pendulum Conversation of Momentum Conversation of Energy Heat Determining Caliber & Gun Type from Bullets & Shell Casings 2 Sparking Bullet Determining Weapons Firing from Gunshot Residue Unit 8 - Identifying Evidence with a Blood Spatter Students will recognize and analyze bloodstain patterns on a variety of surfaces. Data will be used to support Newton’s second law of motion and describe the mathematical relationship among the net force on a macroscopic object, its mass, and its acceleration. Newton’s Law of Gravitation will be used to describe and predict the gravitational forces between objects. Lesson General Overview 1 2 3 Velocity Momentum Projectile Motion Topics Covered The Nature of Blood Immunoassay Techniques Stain Patterns of Blood Forensic Characterization of Bloodstains Newton’s Second Law of Motion Kinetic energy Potential energy Newton’s Law of Gravitation