Download With Modern Physics For Scientists and Engineers

With Modern Physics
For Scientists and Engineers
Third Edition
Richard Wolfson
Middlebury College
Jay M. Pasachoff
Williams College
^ADDISON-WESLEY
An imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
Reading, Massachusetts • Menlo Park, California • New York • Harlow, England
Don Mills, Ontario • Sydney • Mexico City • Madrid • Amsterdam
Preface
xiv
A Visual Guide t o t h e Book
xix
The Authors
xxiii
Color Key f o r Figures
xxiv
Credits
C h a p t e r 1 D o i n g Physics
xxv
3-3 Coordinate Systems, Vector Components,
and Unit Vectors
49
3-4 Velocity and Acceleration Vectors
53
3-5 Relative Motion
57
Chapter € Motion in More Than One
Dimension
67
1
4-1 Velocity and Acceleration
68
1-1 Fields of Physics
2
4-2 Constant Acceleration
70
1-2 The Simplicity of Physics
4
4-3 Projectile Motion
72
1-3 Measurement Systems
4
4-4 Uniform Circular Motion
79
1-4 Changing Units
8
4-5 Nonuniform Circular Motion
82
1-5 Dimensional Analysis
8
Force a n d M o t i o n
92
1-6 Scientific Notation
10
1-7 Accuracy and Significant Figures
12
5-1 The Wrong Question
1-8 Estimation
13
5-2 Newton's First and Second Laws
94
14
5-3 Forces
98
15
5-4 Applying Newton's Second Law
1-9 Analytic and Numerical Analysis
1-10 Problem Solving
Part 1
Mechanics
Chapter 2 Motion in a Straight Line
21
22
93
101
5-5 Mass and Weight: The Force of Gravity
104
5-6 Adding Forces
107
5-7 Newton's Third Law
109
5-8 Measuring Force
112
Chapter 6 Using Newton's Laws
122
2-1 Average Motion
23
2-2 Instantaneous Velocity
25
2-3 Acceleration
28
2-4 Constant Acceleration
31
2-5 Using the Equations of Motion
33
2-6 The Constant Acceleration of Gravity
35
Chapter I The Vector Description of
Motion
46
7-1 Work
164
3-1 Vectors and Scalars
47
7-2 Work and the Scalar Product
167
3-2 Vector Arithmetic
47
7-3 A Varying Force
168
6-1 Using Newton's Second Law
123
6-2 Multiple Objects
131
6-3 Circular Motion
135
6-4 Friction
139
6-5 Drag Forces
150
Chapter I Work, Energy, and Power
163
Contents ix
7-4 Force and Work in Three Dimensions
Rotational Vectors and
Angular Momentum
172
313
7-5 Kinetic Energy
174
7-6 Power
176
13-1 Angular Velocity and Acceleration
Vectors
314
187
13-2 Torque and the Vector Cross Product
315
13-3 Angular Momentum
318
13-4 Conservation of Angular Momentum
320
13-5 Rotational Dynamics in Three Dimensions
324
Chapter 8 Conservation of Energy
8-1 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
188
8-2 Potential Energy
190
8-3 Conservation of Mechanical Energy
194
8-4 Potential Energy Curves
197
8-5 Force and Potential Energy
199
8-6 Nonconservative Forces
201
14-1 Conditions for Equilibrium
337
202
14-2 Center of Gravity
339
8-7 Conservation of Energy and Mass-Energy
Chapter 9 Gravitation
213
9-1 Toward a Law of Gravity
214
9-2 Universal Gravitation
215
9-3 Orbital Motion
218
9-4 Gravitational Energy
223
9-5 The Gravitational Field
229
9-6 Tidal Forces
229
9-7 Gravity and the General Theory of
Relativity
230
Chapter 10 Systems of Particles
238
10-1 Center of Mass
239
10-2 Momentum
246
10-3 Kinetic Energy in Many-Particle Systems
253
Chapter 11 Collisions
262
11-1 Impulse and Collisions
263
11-2 Collisions and the Conservation Laws
265
11-3 Inelastic Collisions
266
11-4 Elastic Collisions
268
Chapter 12 Rotational Motion
283
12-1 Angular Velocity and Acceleration
284
12-2 Torque
288
12-3 Rotational Inertia and the Analog
of Newton's Law
291
12-4 Rotational Energy
300
12-5 Rolling Motion
302
Chapter 14 Static Equilibrium
336
14-3 Examples of Static Equilibrium
341
14-4 Stability of Equilibria
346
Oscillations, Waves,
and Fluids
361
Oscillatory Motion
362
15-1 Properties of Oscillatory Motion
363
15-2 Simple Harmonic Motion
364
15-3 Applications of Simple Harmonic
Motion
370
15-4 Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic
Motion: An Intimate Relation
376
15-5 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
378
15-6 Damped Harmonic Motion
380
15-7 Driven Oscillations and Resonance
382
Chapter 16 Wave Motion
391
16-1 Kinds of Waves
392
16-2 Wave Properties
393
16-3 Mathematical Description of Wave
Motion
395
16-4 Waves on a String
397
16-5 Wave Power and Intensity
399
16-6 The Superposition Principle and Wave
Interference
16-7 The Wave Equation
403
407
x Contents
Chapter 17 Sound and Other Wave
Phenomena
415
Chapter 21 Heat, Work, and the First
Law of Thermodynamics
517
17-1 Sound Waves in Gases
416
21-1 The First Law of Thermodynamics
518
17-2 The Speed of Sound in Gases
418
21-2 Thermodynamic Processes
520
17-3 Sound Intensity
419
21-3 Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas
532
17-4 Sound Waves in Liquids and Solids
423
17-5 Wave Reflection and Refraction
424
17-6 Standing Waves
427
17-7 The Doppler Effect
431
22-1 Reversibility and Irreversibility
544
17-8 Shockwaves
434
22-2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
544
Chapter 22 The Second Law of
Thermodynamics
543
22-3 Applications of the Second Law of
Chapter 18 Fluid Motion
441
18-1 Describing Fluids: Density and
Pressure
442
18-2 Fluids at Rest: Hydrostatic
Equilibrium
443
18-3 Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy
448
18-4 Fluid Dynamics
451
18-5 Applications of Fluid Dynamics
456
18-6 Viscosity and Turbulence
460
Part 3
Thermodynamics
Chapter 19 Temperature and Heat
471
472
Thermodynamics
550
22-4 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
554
22-5 Entropy and the Quality of Energy
554
Part 4
Electromagnetism
Chapter 23 Electric Charge, Force,
and Field
569
570
23-1 Electromagnetism
571
23-2 Electric Charge
572
23-3 Coulomb's Law
. 573
23-4 The Electric Field
578
23-5 Electric Fields of Charge Distributions
581
23-6 Matter in Electric Fields
587
Chapter 2 4 Gauss's Law
600
19-1 Macroscopic and Microscopic
Descriptions
473
19-2 Temperature and Thermodynamic
Equilibrium
473
24-1 Electric Field Lines
601
19-3 Measuring Temperature
474
24-2 Electric Flux
603
19-4 Temperature and Heat
477
24-3 Gauss's Law
606
19-5 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
478
24-4 Using Gauss's Law
609
19-6 Heat Transfer
480
24-5 Fields of Arbitrary Charge Distributions
615
19-7 Thermal Energy Balance
486
24-6 Gauss's Law and Conductors
617
Chapter 2 0 The Thermal Behavior
of Matter
Chapter 2S Electric Potential
496
630
20-1 Gases
497
25-1 Potential Energy, Work, and the
Electric Field
631
20-2 Phase Changes
503
25-2 Potential Difference
631
20-3 Thermal Expansion
508
25-3 Calculating Potential Difference
636
Contents
xi
25-4 Potential Difference and the Electric
Field
30-3 Ampere's Law
778
643
30-4 Using Ampere's Law
780
25-5 Potentials of Charged Conductors
646
30-5 Solenoids and Toroids
785
30-6 Magnetic Matter
788
30-7 Magnetic Monopoles and Gauss's Law
793
Chapter 26 Electrostatic Energy
and Capacitors
658
26-1 Energy of a Charge Distribution
659 Chapter 31 Electromagnetic Induction
803
26-2 Two Isolated Conductors
660
31-1 Induced Currents
804
26-3 Energy and the Electric Field
662
31-2 Faraday's Law
805
26-4 Capacitors
665
26-5 Energy Storage in Capacitors
809
26-6 Connecting Capacitors
669
671
31-3 Induction and the Conservation
of Energy
31-4 Induced Electric Fields
819
26-7 Capacitors and Dielectrics
675
31-5 Diamagnetism
823
Chapter 27 Electric Current
684
Chapter 32 Inductance and Magnetic
Energy
833
27-1 Electric Current
685
27-2 Conduction Mechanisms
688
32-1 Mutual Inductance
834
27-3 Resistance and Ohm's Law
698
32-2 Self-Inductance
836
27-4 Electric Power
701
32-3 Inductors in Circuits
838
32-4 Magnetic Energy
843
Chapter 28 Electric Circuits
709
Chapter 33 Alternating-Current
Circuits
28-1 Circuits and Symbols
709
28-2 Electromotive Force
710
28-3 Simple Circuits: Series and Parallel
Resistors
33-1 Alternating Current
853
711
33-2 Circuit Elements in AC Circuits
854
28-4 Kirchhoff's Laws and Multiloop Circuits
718
33-3 LC Circuits
860
28-5 Electrical Measuring Instruments
722
33-4 Driven RLC Circuits and Resonance
865
28-6 Circuits with Capacitors
726
33-5 Power in AC Circuits
870
28-7 Electrical Safety
732
33-6 Transformers and Power Supplies
872
Chapter 29 The Magnetic Field
742
29-1 What is Magnetism?
743
29-2 The Magnetic Force on a Moving
Charge
744
29-3 The Motion of Charged Particles in
Magnetic Fields
747
29-4 The Magnetic Force on a Current
754
29-5 A Current Loop in a Magnetic Field
759
Chapter 30 Sources of the Magnetic
Field
30-1 The Biot-Savart Law
30-2 The Magnetic Force between Two
Conductors
770
771
777
Chapter 34 Maxwell's Equations and
Electromagnetic Waves
852
882
34-1 The Four Laws of Electromagnetism
883
34-2 Ambiguity in Ampere's Law
884
34-3 Maxwell's Equations
886
34-4 Electromagnetic Waves
887
34-5 The Speed of Electromagnetic Waves
893
34-6 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves
894
34-7 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
895
34-8 Polarization
897
34-9 Producing Electromagnetic Waves
901
34-10 Energy in Electromagnetic Waves
903
34-11 Wave Momentum and Radiation Pressure
906
xii
Contents
vt 5
Optics
Chapter 35 Reflection and Refraction
35-1 Reflection and Transmission
35-2 Reflection
35-3 Refraction
35-4 Total Internal Reflection
35-5 Dispersion
35-6 Reflection and Polarization
Chapter 3S Image Formation and
Optical Instruments
36-1 Plane Mirrors
36-2 Curved Mirrors
36-3 Lenses
36-4 Refraction in Lenses: The Details
36-5 Optical Instruments
Chapter 3 1 Interference and
Diffraction
37-1 Coherence and Interference
37-2 Double-Slit Interference
37-3 Multiple-Slit Interference and Diffraction
Gratings
37-4 Thin Films and Interferometers
37-5 Huygens' Principle and Diffraction
37-6 Single-Slit Diffraction
37-7 The Diffraction Limit
915
916
917
918
919
924
927
929
938
939
941
948
952
958
Chapter 38 Relativity
1035
38-8 General Relativity
1037
Chapter 3® Light and Matter:
Waves or Particles?
1044
39-1 Toward the Quantum Theory
1045
39-2 Blackbody Radiation
1046
39-3 Photons
1050
39-4 Atomic Spectra and the Bohr Atom
1056
39-5 Matter Waves
1061
39-6 The Uncertainty Principle
1064
39-7 The Wave-Particle Duality,
Complementarity, and the
Correspondence Principle
1068
Chapter 4© Quantum Mechanics
1074
40-1 Particles, Waves, and Probability
1075
40-2 The Schrödinger Equation
1077
40-3 The Infinite Square Well
1079
40-4 The Harmonic Oscillator
1084
40-5 Quantum Tunneling
1087
971
40-6 Finite Potential Wells
1091
972
974
40-7 Quantum Mechanics in Three
Dimensions
1092
40-8 Relativistic Quantum Mechanics
1093
978
983
989
990
995
Part 6
Modern Physics
38-7 Electromagnetism and Relativity
1007
1008
Chapter 4 1 Atomic Physics
41-1 The Hydrogen Atom
1100
1101
41-2 Electron Spin
1108
41-3 The Pauli Exclusion Principle
1113
41-4 Multielectron Atoms and the
Periodic Table
1115
41-5 Transitions and Atomic Spectra
1120
Chapter 42 Molecular and
Solid-State Physics
1133
42-1 Molecular Bonding
1134
42-2 Molecular Energy Levels
1138
38-1 Speed с Relative to What?
1009
38-2 Matter, Motion, and the Ether
1010
42-3 Solids
1142
38-3 Special Relativity
1013
42-4 Superconductivity
1151
38-4 Space and Time in Relativity
1013
38-5 Energy and Momentum in Relativity
1029
38-6 What Is Not Relative
1033
Chapter 43 Nuclear Physics
43-1 Discovery of the Nucleus
1161
1162
Contents
43-2 Binding Nuclei: Elements, Isotopes,
and Stability
1163
43-3 Properties of the Nucleus
1165
43-4 Binding Energy
1170
43-5 Radioactivity
1173
43-6 Models of Nuclear Structure
1184
45-4 Unification
1237
45-5 The Evolving Universe
1242
Appendixes
Appendix. Ä Mathematics
Chapter 4 4 Nuclear Energy: Fission
and Fusion
1192
44-1 Energy from the Nucleus
1193
44-2 Nuclear Fission
1193
44-3 Applications of Nuclear Fission
1200
44-4 Nuclear Fusion
1209
Chapter 4S From Quarks to the
Cosmos
1225
45-1 Particles and Forces
1226
45-2 Particles and More Particles
1227
45-3 Quarks and the Standard Model
1233
xiii
A-1
A p p e n d i x В The International
System of Units (SI)
e t t d i x С Conversion Factors
A-12
A-14
Appendix В The Elements
A-17
A p p e n d i x E Astrophysical Data
A-20
Got It! Answers
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems
Index
A-21
A-23
1-1