Download Ch. 3. Psychological_Health

Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education.
All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Contributes to every dimension of wellness
 Defining psychological health

› Positively (presence of wellness)
› Negatively (absence of sickness)
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education.
All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2

Abraham Maslow’s Toward a Psychology
of Being (1968)
› Hierarchy of needs
 Physiological needs
 Safety and security
 Love and belongingness
 Self-esteem
 Self-actualization
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education.
All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3

Self-Actualization
› Realism
› Acceptance
›
›
›
›
 Self-concept; Self-esteem
Autonomy
 Inner-directed and act independently of social
environments
Authenticity
 Not afraid to be themselves
Capacity for intimacy
Creativity
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education.
All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4
Growing up psychologically
 Erik Erickson’s stages of life

› Developing an adult identity
 Identity crisis
› Developing intimacy
› Developing values and
purpose in your life
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education.
All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
5

Developing a positive self-concept
› Integration
 Positive characteristics adopted from parents,
resulting in a new, individual personality
› Stability
 Unstable self-concepts makes it impossible to see
ones self and others realistically
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education.
All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
6

Meeting challenges to self-esteem
› Challenge your self-concept
 Acknowledge that something has gone wrong
› Notice your patterns of thinking
 Cognitive distortions
› Avoid focusing on the negative
› Develop realistic self-talk
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education.
All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
7

Defense mechanisms
› Healthy and adaptive—humor, altruism
 Can also be maladaptive; obscuring solutions
Being optimistic
 Maintaining honest communication

› Assertiveness training
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education.
All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
8
Dealing with loneliness
 Dealing with anger

› Reframe/manage anger by being less defensive
› Distract/disengage by counting to 10
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education.
All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
9

Anxiety disorders
› Specific phobia
 Fear of something definite
› Social phobia
 Fear of humiliation or embarrassment while being
observed by others
› Panic disorder
 Sudden unexpected surges in anxiety
 Agoraphobia
 Panic attacks
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education.
All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
10

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
› Excessive and uncontrolled worry about many
issues
› Persistent feeling of nervousness, depression

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
› Obsessions: recurrent, unwanted thoughts or
impulses
› Compulsions: repetitive, difficult-to-resist actions
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education.
All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
11

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
› Reaction to a severely traumatic event
› Acute stress disorder if symptoms resolve in
less than a month

Treatment for anxiety disorders
› Medication
› Psychological interventions
 Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education.
All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
12

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
› Inattention
› Hyperactivity
› Impulsivity

To be diagnosed with ADHD:
› Symptoms before age 12
› Persistent pattern of behaviors
 Present in two or more settings
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education.
All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13

Depression
› Most common mood disorder
› Demoralization






Feeling of sadness and hopelessness
Loss of pleasure
Poor appetite, insomnia, restlessness
Thoughts of worthlessness
Trouble concentrating
Thoughts of death or suicide
› Dysthymic disorder
 Symptoms for longer than 2 years
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education.
All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
14

Treatment depends on severity
› Drug therapy
 Antidepressants
 Target key neurotransmitters in the brain, including
serotonin
› Psychotherapy
› Hospitalization if suicidal
› Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
 Light therapy for those with seasonal affective
disorder (SAD)
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education.
All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
15

Mania
› Mood disorder characterized by excessive
elation, irritability, talkativeness, inflated
self-esteem

Bipolar disorder
› Mental illness characterized by alternating
periods of depression and mania
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education.
All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
16

Schizophrenia
› Mental disorder that affects thinking and
perceptions of reality
› General characteristics





Disorganized thoughts
Inappropriate emotions
Delusions
Auditory hallucinations
Deteriorating social and work function
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education.
All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
17








Expressing the “wish” to be dead
Increasing social withdrawal/isolation
Sudden inexplicable lightening of mood
Previous history of attempts
Suicide by a family member or friend
Readily available means of committing suicide
History of substance abuse or eating disorders
Serious medical problems
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education.
All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
18

Biological
› Pharmacological therapy

Behavioral
› Stimulus, response, and reinforcement
› Practice exposure

Cognitive
› Ideas, attitudes, behaviors and feelings

Psychodynamic
› Thoughts
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education.
All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
19

Self help
› Books
› Writing a journal
› Religious practice
› Social groups
Peer counseling and support groups
 Professional help

› Determine the need
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education.
All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
20