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Medical Language
Second Edition
CHAPTER
16
Otolaryngology
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
1. Identify the structures of the ears, nose,
and throat (ENT) system.
2. Describe the process of hearing.
3. Describe common ENT diseases and
conditions, laboratory and diagnostic
procedures, medical and surgical
procedures, and drug categories.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
4. Give the medical meaning of word parts
related to the ENT system.
5. Build ENT words from word parts and
divide and define ENT words.
6. Spell and pronounce ENT words.
7. Analyze the medical content and
meaning of an otolaryngology report.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
8. Dive deeper into otolaryngology by
reviewing the activities at the end of this
chapter and online at Medical
Terminology Interactive.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Multimedia Directory
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 47
Slide 52
Slide 55
Slide 73
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Slide 86
Ear Anatomy Animation
Virtual Tour of the Ear Animation
Auditory System Animation
Structures of the Human Ear Animation
Deafness Video
Otitis Media Video
Allergic Rhinitis Video
Throat Cultures Video
Audiologist Video
Audiology and Helping Children Video
Audiology and Ethical Issues Video
Audiology and Professional Organizations Video
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Otolaryngology
• The medical specialty that studies the
anatomy and physiology of the ears, nose,
mouth, and throat (ENT) and uses
diagnostic tests, medical and surgical
procedures, and drugs to treat ENT
diseases.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 16-1 Ears, nose, and throat (ENT) system
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Anatomy and Physiology
• The ears, nose, and throat (ENT) system
is contained entirely in the head and neck.
• The head contains the external and
internal structures of the ears, nose, and
mouth, and the internal structures of the
sinuses.
• The neck contains the internal structures
of the pharynx and larynx.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Anatomy and Physiology (con't)
• The ENT system shares some structures
with the gastrointestinal system and the
respiratory system, so it serves as a
passageway for both food and air.
• The ENT system also contains lymphoid
tissue that functions as part of the immune
response.
• The body’s senses of hearing and smell
are also part of the ENT system.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Anatomy of the ENT System
• External Ear
– Known as the auricle or pinna
– The helix is the outer rim of tissue and
cartilage that forms a C and ends at the earlobe.
– The external auditory meatus is the opening
that leads into the external auditory canal
(EAC).
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 16-2 External ear
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Anatomy of the ENT System
(con't)
• External Ear (con't)
– The canal has glands that secrete cerumen, a
waxy, sticky substance that traps dirt and has
an antibiotic action against microorganisms
that enter the canal.
– At the end of the canal is the tympanic
membrane (TM), or eardrum, a thin dividing
wall between the external ear and the middle
ear.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 16-3 Tympanic membrane
Pearson Education/PH College
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Anatomy of the ENT System
(con't)
• External Ear (con't)
– The mastoid process is a bony projection of
the temporal bone that lies just behind the
external ear and contains tiny cavities filled
with air.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Anatomy of the ENT System
(con't)
• Middle Ear
– The middle ear is a hollow area inside the
temporal bone of the skull.
– It contains three tiny bones: the malleus,
incus, and stapes, collectively known as the
ossicles.
– It is connected to the nasopharynx by the
eustachian tube.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Anatomy of the ENT System
(con't)
• Middle Ear (con’t)
– The eustachian tube allows air pressure in the
middle ear to equalize with air pressure in the
throat and outside of the body.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 16-4 Structures of the middle ear and inner ear
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Anatomy of the ENT System
(con't)
• Inner Ear
– Contains three fluid-filled structures:
 Vestibule
 Semicircular canals
 Cochlea
– Together, all the structures are known as the
labyrinth
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Anatomy of the ENT System
(con't)
• Vestibule is the entrance area to the inner
ear.
• One end of the vestibule becomes the
three semicircular canals.
• The other end of the vestibule becomes
the coiled cochlea.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Anatomy of the ENT System
(con’t)
• External Nose and Mouth
– The external nose is supported by the nasal
bone, which forms the bridge of the nose and
the dorsum.
– At the nasal tip, the nasal bone becomes
cartilage.
– The nares are the external openings, or
nostrils; the flared cartilage on each side of
the nostril is a nasal ala.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 16-5 External nose, mouth, and neck
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Anatomy of the ENT System
(con't)
• External Nose and Mouth (con't)
– The lips, cheeks, and chin are supported by
the maxilla (upper jawbone) and mandible
(lower jawbone).
– The nasolabial fold is the crease in the cheek
that goes from the nose to the corner of the
mouth.
– The philtrum is the vertical groove above the
upper lip.
– The chin is also known as the mentum.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Anatomy of the ENT System
(con't)
• Sinuses
– A sinus is a hollow cavity within a bone that is
lined with a mucous membrane.
– Four pairs of sinuses: frontal, maxillary,
ethmoid, and sphenoid.
– As a group, these are also known as the
paranasal sinuses.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 16-6 Sinuses
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Anatomy of the ENT System
(con't)
• Nasal Cavity
– The nasal cavitiy is formed by the ethmoid
bone of the cranium and by the maxilla of the
upper jaw.
– The nasal septum is a vertical wall of cartilage
that divides the nasal cavity into right and left
sides.
– In the posterior nasal cavity, this cartilage
becomes the ethmoid bone of the cranium.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 16-7 Structures of the internal nose, mouth, and throat
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Anatomy of the ENT System
(con't)
• Nasal Cavity (con’d)
– Along the nasal cavity walls are three long,
bony projections − the superior, middle, and
inferior turbinates, or nasal conchae.
– The turbinates divide and slow down inhaled
air and give it warmth and moisture.
– The nasal cavity is lined with nasal mucosa, a
mucous membrane that continuously
produces mucus.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Anatomy of the ENT System
(con't)
• Oral Cavity
– Contains the tongue, hard palate, soft palate
and uvula, teeth, and salivary glands
– Lined with the oral mucosa that is known as
buccal mucosa in the cheek area
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Anatomy of the ENT System
(con't)
• Oral Cavity (con’t)
– The hard palate or roof of the mouth divides
the oral cavity from the nasal cavity and is
made up of 3 different cranial bones: the
maxilla at the front of the mouth, the palatine
bone, and the vomer bone at the back of the
mouth.
– Submental lymph nodes in the tissue under
the chin contain lymphocytes and
macrophages that attack bacteria and viruses.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Anatomy of the ENT System
(con't)
• Pharynx
– Divided into three areas: the nasopharynx, the
oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx.
– The eustachian tubes open into the
nasopharynx.
– The roof and walls of the nasopharynx contain
the pharyngeal tonsil, a collection of lymphoid
tissue commonly known as the adenoids.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Anatomy of the ENT System
(con't)
• Pharynx (con't)
– The nasopharynx becomes the oropharynx or
middle portion of the throat, which contains
the palatine tonsils.
– The laryngopharynx contains the lingual
tonsils on either side of the base of the
tongue.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Anatomy of the ENT System
(con't)
• Pharynx (con't)
– The tonsils and adenoids are part of the
lymphatic system, and they function in the
immune response; they contain lymphocytes
and macrophages that attack bacteria and
viruses in the tissues around the oral cavity.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 16-8 Pharynx
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Anatomy of the ENT System
(con't)
• Larynx
– Pharynx divides into two parts: the larynx
leads to the trachea and the esophagus leads
to the stomach.
– The larynx, or voice box, is a short, triangular
structure.
– Is surrounded by two thick rings of cartilage
that can be clearly seen at the front of the
neck as the laryngeal prominence (Adam’s
apple)
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Anatomy of the ENT System
(con't)
• Larynx (con't)
– At the superior end of the larynx is the
epiglottis; in the middle of the larynx are the
glottis, ligaments, and the vocal cords.
– When you swallow, the larynx moves
superiorly and closes against the epiglottis to
keep food from entering the lungs.
– Remains open during breathing, speaking, or
singing to allow air to pass over the vocal
cords.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Anatomy of the ENT System
(con't)
• Larynx (con't)
– Muscles in the larynx relax or tighten the
vocal cords to lower or raise the pitch.
– Men have long vocal cords that produce a
lower-pitched voice than women.
– The volume of air from the lungs affects how
loud or soft the voice is.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Physiology of the Sense of
Hearing
• The external ear captures sound waves.
• The tympanic membranes move the
malleus, the incus, and then the stapes.
• The stapes transmits this mechanical
motion to the oval window, which causes
inner ear fluid on the other side of the oval
window to move.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Physiology of the Sense of
Hearing (con't)
• The vibration is transmitted to the cochlea.
• Tiny hair cells detect the loudness and
pitch of the sound and send this sensory
information as nerve impulses through the
cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear
nerve to the medulla oblongata in the
brainstem.
• From there, the impulses are relayed to
the auditory cortex in the brain.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 16-9 The sense of hearing
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Ear Anatomy Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the topic of ear anatomy.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Virtual Tour of the Ear Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the topic of ear anatomy.
Medical Language, Second Edition
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Auditory System Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the topic of ear anatomy.
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Structures of the Human Ear
Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the topic of ear anatomy.
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Diseases and Conditions
• Ears
– Acoustic neuroma
– Cerumen impaction
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Figure 16-10 Cerumen impaction
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Diseases and Conditions (con't)
• Ears (con't)
– Cholesteatoma
– Hearing loss
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Susan Turley
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Deafness Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of deafness.
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Diseases and Conditions (con't)
• Ears (con't)
– Hemotympanum
– Labyrinthitis
– Meniere’s disease
– Motion sickness
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Diseases and Conditions (con't)
• Ears (con't)
– Otitis externa
– Otitis media
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Figure 16-11 Myringitis
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Figure 16-12 Perforated tympanic membrane
ISM/Phototake NYC
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Otitis Media Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of otitis media.
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Diseases and Conditions (con't)
• Ears (con't)
– Otorrhea
– Otosclerosis
– Ruptured tympanic membrane
– Tinnitus
– Vertigo
Medical Language, Second Edition
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Diseases and Conditions (con't)
• Sinuses, Nose, and Nasal Cavity
– Allergic rhinitis
– Anosmia
– Epistaxis
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Susan Turley
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Allergic Rhinitis Video
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Diseases and Conditions (con't)
• Sinuses, Nose, and Nasal Cavity (con't)
– Polyp
– Rhinophyma
– Septal deviation
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Diseases and Conditions (con't)
• Sinuses, Nose, and Nasal Cavity (con't)
– Sinusitis
– Upper respiratory infection (URI)
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Figure 16-13 Sinusitis
ISM/Phototake NYC
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Diseases and Conditions (con't)
• Mouth, Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Neck
– Cancer of the mouth and neck
– Cervical lymphadenopathy
– Cleft lip and palate
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Figure 16-14 Cleft lip and palate
Courtesy of Dr. Elizabeth Peterson
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Diseases and Conditions (con't)
• Mouth, Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Neck
(con't)
– Cold sores
– Glossitis
– Leukoplakia
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Figure 16-15 Leukoplakia
Caliendo/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Diseases and Conditions (con't)
• Mouth, Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Neck
(con't)
– Pharyngitis
– Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome
– Thrush
– Tonsillitis
Medical Language, Second Edition
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Figure 16-16 Thrush
Caliendo/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.
Medical Language, Second Edition
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Figure 16-17 Tonsillitis
Dr. P. Marazzi / Photo Researchers, Inc.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Diseases and Conditions (con't)
• Larynx
– Laryngitis
– Vocal cord or polyp
Medical Language, Second Edition
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Figure 16-18 Vocal cord polyp.
Source: ISM/Phototake NYC
Medical Language, Second Edition
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Laboratory and Diagnostic
Procedures
• Hearing Tests
– Audiometry
– Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER)
– Rinne and Weber hearing tests
– Tympanometry
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Figure 16-19 Audiometry
Phanie / Photo Researchers, Inc..
Medical Language, Second Edition
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Figure 16-20 Rinne test
Pearson Education/PH College
Medical Language, Second Edition
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Laboratory and Diagnostic
Procedures (con't)
• Laboratory and Radiologic Tests
– Culture and sensitivity (C&S)
– Rapid strep test
– RAST
– Sinus series
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Figure 16-21 Throat swab
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Throat Cultures Video
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Medical and Surgical Procedures
• Medical Procedures
– Nose, sinus, mouth, and throat examinations
– Otoscopy
– Romberg’s sign
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Figure 16-22 Otoscopy
Saturn Stills/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Medical Language, Second Edition
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Medical and Surgical Procedures
(con't)
• Surgical Procedures
– Cheiloplasty
– Cochlear implant
– Endoscopic sinus surgery
– Mastoidectomy
– Myringotomy
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Figure 16-23 Myringotomy and tympanostomy
Medical Language, Second Edition
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Medical and Surgical Procedures
(con't)
• Surgical Procedures (con't)
– Otoplasty
– Polypectomy
– Radical neck dissection
– Rhinoplasty
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Medical and Surgical Procedures
(con't)
• Surgical Procedures (con't)
– Septoplasty
– Stapedectomy
– Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A)
– Tympanoplasty
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Drug Categories
• These categories of drugs are used to
treat ENT diseases and conditions:
– Antibiotic drugs
– Antihistamine drugs
– Antitussive drugs
– Antiyeast drugs
– Corticosteroid drugs
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Drug Categories (con't)
• These categories of drugs are used to
treat ENT diseases and conditions:
– Decongestant drugs
– Drugs used to treat vertigo and motion
sickness
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Abbreviations
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Audiologist Video
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Audiology and Helping Children
Video
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Audiology and Ethical Issues
Video
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Audiology and Professional
Organizations Video
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audiologists.
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