Download Patellar ligament

Joints
Figure 8.1 Fibrous joints.
(a)
Suture
Joint held together with very short,
interconnecting fibers, and bone edges
interlock. Found only in the skull.
Suture
line
(b)
Syndesmosis
(c)
Joint held together by a ligament.
Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but
is longer than in sutures.
Fibula
Tibia
Gomphosis
“Peg in socket” fibrous joint.
Periodontal ligament holds tooth
in socket.
Socket of
alveolar
process
Root of
tooth
Dense
fibrous
connective
tissue
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ligament
Periodontal
ligament
Figure 8.1a Fibrous joints.
(a)
Suture
Joint held together with very short,
interconnecting fibers, and bone edges
interlock. Found only in the skull.
Suture
line
Dense
fibrous
connective
tissue
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.1b Fibrous joints.
(b)
Syndesmosis
Joint held together by a ligament.
Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but
is longer than in sutures.
Fibula
Tibia
Ligament
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.1c Fibrous joints.
(c)
Gomphosis
“Peg in socket” fibrous joint. Periodontal
ligament holds tooth in socket.
Socket of
alveolar
process
Root of
tooth
Periodontal
ligament
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.2 Cartilaginous joints.
(a)
Synchondroses
Bones united by hyaline cartilage
Sternum
(manubrium)
Epiphyseal
plate (temporary
hyaline cartilage
joint)
(b)
Joint between
first rib and
sternum
(immovable)
Symphyses
Bones united by fibrocartilage
Body of vertebra
Fibrocartilaginous
intervertebral
disc
Hyaline cartilage
Pubic symphysis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.2a Cartilaginous joints.
(a)
Synchondroses
Bones united by hyaline cartilage
Epiphyseal
plate (temporary
hyaline cartilage
joint)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sternum
(manubrium)
Joint between
first rib and
sternum
(immovable)
Figure 8.2b Cartilaginous joints.
(b)
Symphyses
Bones united by fibrocartilage
Body of vertebra
Fibrocartilaginous
intervertebral
disc
Hyaline cartilage
Pubic symphysis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint.
Ligament
Joint cavity
(contains
synovial fluid)
Articular (hyaline)
cartilage
Fibrous
capsule
Articular
Synovial
capsule
membrane
Periosteum
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.8a The knee joint.
Femur
Articular
capsule
Posterior
cruciate
ligament
Lateral
meniscus
Anterior
cruciate
ligament
Tibia
Tendon of
quadriceps
femoris
Suprapatellar
bursa
Patella
Subcutaneous
prepatellar bursa
Synovial cavity
Lateral meniscus
Infrapatellar
fat pad
Deep infrapatellar
bursa
Patellar ligament
(a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.8b The knee joint.
Anterior
Anterior
cruciate
ligament
Articular
cartilage on
lateral tibial
condyle
Articular
cartilage
on medial
tibial
condyle
Lateral
meniscus
Medial
meniscus
Posterior
cruciate
ligament
(b) Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing
the menisci and cruciate ligaments
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.8c The knee joint.
Quadriceps
femoris muscle
Tendon of
quadriceps
femoris muscle
Patella
Lateral patellar
retinaculum
Medial patellar
retinaculum
Tibial collateral
ligament
Fibular
collateral
ligament
Patellar ligament
Fibula
Tibia
(c) Anterior view of right knee
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.8d The knee joint.
Tendon of
adductor magnus
Medial head of
gastrocnemius
muscle
Popliteus
muscle (cut)
Tibial collateral
ligament
Tendon of
semimembranosus
muscle
Femur
Articular capsule
Oblique popliteal
ligament
Lateral head of
gastrocnemius
muscle
Bursa
Fibular collateral
ligament
Arcuate popliteal
ligament
Tibia
(d) Posterior view of the joint capsule,
including ligaments
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.8e The knee joint.
Fibular
collateral
ligament
Posterior cruciate
ligament
Medial condyle
Lateral condyle
of femur
Tibial collateral
ligament
Lateral
meniscus
Anterior cruciate
ligament
Tibia
Medial meniscus
Patellar ligament
Fibula
Patella
Quadriceps tendon
(e) Anterior view of flexed knee, showing the cruciate
ligaments (articular capsule removed, and quadriceps
tendon cut and reflected distally)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.8f The knee joint.
Medial femoral condyle
Anterior cruciate
ligament
Medial meniscus on
medial tibial condyle
Patella
(f) Photograph of an opened knee joint; view similar to (e)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.4a Bursae and tendon sheaths.
Acromion
of scapula
Coracoacromial
ligament
Subacromial
bursa
Joint cavity
containing
synovial fluid
Fibrous
articular capsule
Tendon
sheath
Tendon of
long head
of biceps
brachii muscle
Hyaline
cartilage
Synovial
membrane
Fibrous
capsule
Humerus
(a) Frontal section through the right shoulder joint
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.4b Bursae and tendon sheaths.
Coracoacromial
ligament
Subacromial
bursa
Cavity in
bursa containing
synovial fluid
Humerus
resting
Bursa rolls
and lessens
friction.
Humerus head
rolls medially as
arm abducts.
Humerus
moving
(b) Enlargement of (a), showing how a bursa
eliminates friction where a ligament (or other
structure) would rub against a bone
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.7a Types of synovial joints.
f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
c
a Plane joint (intercarpal joint)
a
e
d
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
b
Figure 8.7b Types of synovial joints.
f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
c
b Hinge joint (elbow joint)
a
e
d
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
b
Figure 8.7c Types of synovial joints.
f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
c
c Pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint)
a
e
d
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
b
Figure 8.7d Types of synovial joints.
f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
c
d Condyloid joint
(metacarpophalangeal joint)
a
e
d
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
b
Figure 8.7e Types of synovial joints.
f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
c
e Saddle joint (carpometacarpal joint
of thumb)
a
e
d
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
b
Figure 8.7f Types of synovial joints.
f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
c
f Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder joint)
a
e
d
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
b
Figure 8.9 A common knee injury.
Lateral
Hockey puck
Medial
Patella
(outline)
Tibial collateral
ligament
(torn)
Medial
meniscus (torn)
Anterior
cruciate
ligament (torn)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.14 Arthroscopic photograph of a torn medial meniscus.
Torn
meniscus
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.15 X ray of a hand deformed by rheumatoid arthritis.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 8.1 Summary of Joint Classes
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 8.2 Structural and Functional Characteristics of Body Joints (1 of 4)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 8.2 Structural and Functional Characteristics of Body Joints (2 of 4)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 8.2 Structural and Functional Characteristics of Body Joints (3 of 4)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 8.2 Structural and Functional Characteristics of Body Joints (4 of 4)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
A Closer Look 8.1a Joints: From Knights in Shining Armor to Bionic Humans
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
A Closer Look 8.1b: Joints: From Knights in Shining Armor to Bionic Humans
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.