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Systematic Anatomy
Nervous system
Diencephalon
Dr.Hongqi Zhang (张红旗)
Email: [email protected]
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The Diencephalon
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Superior view
Anterior view
Lateral view
sagittal University
view
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Posterior view of Anatomy-Fudan
inferior view
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Division of the brain
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brain stem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla ablongata
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Position of Diencephalon

Position:
Lies between midbrain &
cerebrum,almost surrounded
entirely by cerebral hemisphere

Medially: -3rd ventricle
between left and right thalamus

Laterally:Internal capsule

Function – complicated
& important
Diencephalon
Subdivision of Diencephalon
Including five portions
Dorsal thalamus
Epithalamus
Metathalamus
Subthalamus
Hypothalamus
Diencephalon
Dorsal Thalamus
The other four portions
Is around the dorsal
thalamus.
Dorsal Thalamus
External features
 A large ovoid-shaped nucleus
mass
 Anterior end －anterior
thalamic tubercle
 Posterior end－pulvinar
 Right and left portion of
thalamus are joined by
interthalamic adhesion(arrow)
 Floor－hypothalamic sulcus
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Nuclear group of the thalamus
Three group
1 - Ant.nuclear group
2 - Lat.nuclear group
3 - Med.nuclear group
3
1
3
2
1
Right thalamus
2 Lateral nuclear group
Dorsal layer of lateral nuclei
Ventral layer of lateral nuclei
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The Nuclei of Dorsal Thalamus
Internal medullary lamina
Med. nuclear group
Ant. nuclear group
Dorsal nuclear group
Medial geniculate
body (MGN)
Ventral anterior nucleus
Ventral lateral nucleus
(Ventral Intermediate nucleus)
Lateral geniculate body (LGN)
Ventral posterior nucleus (VP)
Ventral posterolateral (VPL)
Ventral posteromedial (VPM )
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Classificatioin of nuclei of dorsal thalamus
Nonspesific projecting nuclei
Midline nucleus,Intralaminar nuclei & reticular
nucleus
Specific relaying nuclei:
Lat.& med geniculate bodies,ventral layer of
lateral nuclear group.
Association nuclei:
Med.nuclear group.dorsal layer of lateral nuclear
group,ant.nuclear group.
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Nonspecific projecting nuclei
Intralaminar nuclei
Midline
nucleus
Reticular
nucleus
Main fiber relation:
Receive afferent fibers from rhinencephalon and
reticular formation of brain stem, project mainly to
hypothalamus and corpus striatum
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Internuncial (association) nuclei
Med. nuclear group
Ant. Nuclear group
Main fiber relation
Dorsal layer of lateral
nuclear group
Receive input from many converging sources
and in turn project widely to the association
areas of cerebral cortex
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Specific nuclei of Dorsal Thalamus
Very important
Ventral anterior nucleus (VA)
VPL
Ventral lateral(intermediate) nucleus(VL)
Ventral posterior nucleus (VP)
VPM
Ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL)
Ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM )
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Nuclei of thalumus and its abbreviation
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Subdivision
Principal Nuclei
Abbreviation
Lateral dorsal
LD
Lateral posterior
LP
Ant. nuclear group
Med. nuclear group
Lat. nuclear group
Dorsal tier of the
nuclei
Pulvinar
Ventral tier of the
nuclei
Ventral anterior
VA
Ventral lateral
VL
Ventral posterior
VP
Ventral posterolateral
VPL
Ventral posteromedial
VPM
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Fiber relation of specific relay nuclei of thalamus
Special relay nuclei
 Ventral anterior nucleus (VA)
 Ventral Lateral (intermediate) nucleus (VL)
Receiving dentate nucleus, globus pallidus and
substantia nigra to motor cortex
 Ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM ) ★
Receives trigeminal lemniscus and taste fibers
 Ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL ) ★
Receives medial lemniscus and spinal lemniscus
Projects to first somatic sensory area via central
thalamic radiation
Metathalamus
Lateral geniculate
body (LGN)
Receive the fiber from
Superior colliculus
Medial geniculate
body (MGN)
Receive the fiber from
inferior colliculus
Brachiam of sup.colliculus
Brachiam of inf.colliculus
Constitut of fibers between
colliculus and geniculates
Right thalamus
Metathalamus
 Medial geniculate body
(MGN) ★



Relay station of audition
Receive fibers from inferior
colliculus
Projects to auditory area via
acoustic radiation
 Lateral geniculate body
(LGN) ★



Relay station of vision
Receive fibers from optic
tract
Projects to visual area via
optic radiation
Lat.geniculate
Med.geniculate
Epithalamus
Consist of:
 Thalamic medullary stria
 1 - Habenular trigone
 2 - Habenular commissure
 3 - Pineal body
 4 - posterior commissure
1
2
3
4
3
Subthalamus


Position:
Transition zone between
diencephalons and
tegmentum of midbrain
Content:
subthalamic nucleus,
parts of red nucleus and
substantia nigra
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamic sulcus
Position－lies ventral to thalamus
Boundaries
 Superiorly:
hypothalamic sulcus
 Inferiorly:





1-optic chiasma
2-tuber cinereum
3-Infundibulum
4-mamillary body
5-hypophysis
6
1
3
 Anterior: 6 - lamina terminalis
 Posterior: continues with
midbrain tegmentum
4
2
5
Important Nuclei of Hypothalamus
Hypothalamic sulcus
Paraventricular nucleus
Paraventriculohypophyseal tract
Supraoptic nucleus
Supraopticohypophyseal tract
Optic chiasma
Ant. lobe of hypophysis
Mamillary
body
Gray tubercle
Infundibulum
Post lobe of
hypophysis
Connections of Hypothalamus
 Supraoptic nucleus → antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
mainly→supraopticohypophyseal tract →posterior lobe of
hypophysis
 Paraventricular nucleus → produce oxytocin mainly
(oxytocin) →paraventriculohypophyseal tract→posterior
lobe of hypophysis
 Paracellular neurons in the arcuate nucleus and nearby
region of the walls of the third ventricle secrete releasing
and inhibiting hormones → tuberoinfundibular tract →portal
vein of hypophysis → anterior lobe of hypophysis
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Paraventricular nucleus
Paraventriculohypophyseal tract
Supraoptic nucleus
Supraopticohypophyseal trac
Inf. hypophyseal a.
Post.lobe of hypophysis
Hypophyseal v.
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Tuberoinfundibular tract
Median eminence
Portal v.
Sup. hypophyseal a.
Ant.lobe
Hypophyseal v.
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Hormones
secreted
and storaged
by hypophysis
Post.lobe of hypophysis
Ant.lobe
Growth hormone-GH（生长激素）
Antidiuretic hormone
Gonadotropin（促性腺素）
(ADH) （加压抗利尿激素）
Thyrotropin –TSH (促甲状腺激素）
Or vasopressin （加压素）
Adrenocorticotropin-ACTH (促肾上腺皮质激素）
Prolactin （催乳素）
Melanotropin （促黑激素）
Oxytocin （催产素）
The most hormones secreted by
Follicle stimulation hormone（卵泡刺激素） ant.lobe are
regulated by the
releasing and inhibiting hormones by
Luteinizing hormone（促黄体生成素)
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Connections of Hypothalamus
 Connects with limbic system
 Connects with brainstem and spinal cord
 Connects with dorsal thalamus
 Connects with hypophysis
The function of diencephalon
 Dorsal thalamus and Metathalamus
are the last relay station of all sensory pathway to project
to cerebral cortex.
 Epithalamus: related to olfactory sense,pineal body is
endocrine gland(inhibiting sexual precocity)
 Subthalamus - Transition zone between diencephalons
and tegmentum of midbrain,is a part of extropyramidal
system.
 Hypothalamus - related to visceral activity and endocrine
Functions of Hypothalamus
a subcortical higher regulatory cnetre of the viscera
Control of visceral activity
Regulate the secretion of many endocrine glands
Temperature regulation
Regulation of food ingestion
Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance
Emotion and behavior
Control of biological circle rhythms
Third ventricle
Position: a narrow ventricle cleft lies between both
thalamus & hypothalamus
Boundaries

Roof: choroids plexus

Floor:

Optic chiasma

Tuber cinereum

Infundibulum and mamillary body

Anteriorly: lamina terminalis

Posteriorly: continuous with mesencephalic aqueduct

Lateral wall: dorsal thalamus and hypothalamus
Communication
lateral ventricles ← interventricular foramen ← Third ventricle
→ mesencephalic aqueduct → fourth ventricle
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Protection your brain
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Important Nuclei of Hypothalamus
 Supraoptic region 视上区
Supraoptic nucleus －produce antidiuretic hormone (ADH，
vasopressin )
Paraventricular nucleus －produce oxytocin
 Tuberal region
Infundibular nucleus
Ventromedial nucleus 腹内侧核
Dorsomedial nucleus 背内侧核
 Mamillary region 乳头体区
Mamillary nucleus 乳头体核
Posterior hypothalamic nucleus 下丘脑后核
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背侧丘脑
外形和位置
• 位置：为两个卵圆形的灰质块，中间夹有第三脑室，外邻内囊。
前端：为狭窄的隆凸，称为丘脑前结节。
后端：膨大，称丘脑枕。
外
•形
内侧面：为第三脑室腔面，有自室间孔走向中脑水管的下丘脑沟（它是背侧丘
脑与下丘脑的分界线），沟的背方，有丘脑间粘合（或称中间块）。
外侧面：与内囊相邻。
背侧面：组成侧脑室底壁的一部分。
腹侧面：与底丘脑融合
背侧丘脑
内部结构和功能分群
前核群
• 背侧丘脑
背侧组
（Y形内髓板）
板内核群
非特异性投射核团
背外侧核
内侧核群
后外侧核
枕
外侧核群
腹前核
腹侧组
腹外侧核（腹中间核）
腹后核
中线核群
联络性核群
腹后外侧核
腹后内侧核
后丘脑：内、外侧膝状体核团
特异性中继核团
背侧丘脑
特异性中继核团的纤维联系
背侧丘脑和后丘脑核团的纤维联系
传入纤维来自
传出纤维投射至
大脑皮质
腹前核
腹中间核
小脑上脚齿状核纤维、苍白球、黑质
躯体运动区
腹后外侧核
内侧丘系、脊髓丘系
核
名
躯体感觉区
腹后内侧核
三叉丘系、味觉纤维
外侧膝状体
视束
视觉中枢
内侧膝状体
外侧丘系、下丘的听觉纤维
听觉中枢
下丘脑
位置：第三脑室下部的侧壁，脑底部包括视交叉、灰结节、漏斗和乳头体，垂体
主要核团及纤维联系
视上核→视上垂体束→神经垂体（垂体后叶），加压素
室旁核→室旁垂体束→神经垂体（垂体后叶），催产素
漏斗核
→结节垂体束 →正中隆起→腺垂体（垂体前叶）
（弓状核） （结节漏斗束）
乳头体核，接受穹窿纤维，发出纤维组成乳头丘脑束→背侧丘脑前核
第三脑室
• 位置：在左、右背侧丘脑和下丘脑之间，呈裂隙状。
前界：终板
后方：通中脑水管。
• 境界
顶壁：脉络组织。
底壁：视交叉、灰结节、漏斗和乳头体。
侧壁：背侧丘脑和下丘脑。
• 交通：向前上经左、右室间孔→侧脑室，向后下经大脑水管→第四脑室。
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The greetings from Santa Claus
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Hope you in the coming year:
Safe and secure,healthy,happy & happiness!
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Merry christmas & happy new year!
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The end!
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