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Classification
Headings
Vocabulary
Important
Words
CLASSIFICATION & TAXONOMY
Classification:
• grouping based on
similarities
Taxonomy:
• Branch of Biology
• The science of
classifying grouping
and naming of
organisms
Aristotle’s Classification
Scheme
• Greek philosopher who developed
first classification system
• Divided all organisms into 2 GROUPS:
1. Non motile (plants)
2. Motile (animals)
• Plants grouped by:
–
size (small, medium, large)
• Animals grouped by:
–
where they lived (air, water, land)
Binomial Nomenclature
• A system for naming organisms
by structure created by
Linnaeus:
– Although Linneaus didn’t realize it,
by classifying organisms by
structure he was also classifying
them by evolutionary relationship
• Written in Latin
• Includes the organisms :
• Genus: CAPITALIZED (noun)
– means beginning
• Species: lowercase (adj.)
Example: Homo (man) sapien
(wise/thinking)
Scientific & Common Names
Scientific Name:
• genus and species name
– Iguana iguana
– Felis domesticus
Common name:
• Organism is commonly
called
• Not used in the
scientific community
– Green Iguana
– Domestic Cat
The “New” Evolutionary
Classification
• Categories that represent
lines of evolutionary
descent
• Not just physical
similarities
• This new method is called:
Evolutionary
Classification (Cladistics)
• Scientists classify
organisms based on their
Evolutionary Beginnings
Cladograms
• A diagram that shows evolutionary
relationships
• Cladograms are useful tools
• Help scientists understand how one lineage
branched from another in the course of
evolution
Traditional Classification vs. Cladogram
Physical Similarities
Appendages
Crab
Conical Shells
Barnacle
Evolutionary Decent:
Class
Crustaceans
Gastropoda
Limpet
Molten
exoskeleton
Segmentation
Free-swimming
larvae
TRADITIONAL
CLASSIFICATION
CLADOGRAM
Kingdoms
• Broadest of all taxa
• Grouped into
3 domains:
1. Bacteria –
• Eubacteria
2. Archae-
• Archeabacteria
3. Eukarya:
• Protista, Fungi, Plantae,
and Animalia
Characteristics of the 6 Kingdoms
1. Kingdom Eubacteria:
a. all microscopic
prokaryotes
b. almost all are unicellular
c. non-motile
d. commonly called bacteria
2. Kingdom Archaebacteria:
a. prokaryotes
b. live in extreme
environment
3. Kingdom Protista:
a. eukaryotes
b. uni and multicellular
c. live in moist environments
d. most are simple,
microscopic & mobile
*Examples: paramecium,
amoeba, euglena & algae
4. Kingdom Fungi:
a. Eukaryotes
b. Uni and Multicellular
c. Consumers that do
not move
d. Decompose dead
organisms &/or
waste
products
*Examples: mushrooms,
molds, & mildew
5. Kingdom Plantae:
a. stationary, multicelluar
eukaryotes
b. Photosynthetic
c. Autotrophs
*(make own food)
*Examples: plants
6. Kingdom Animalia:
a. Multicellular
b. Consumers that eat
& digest other
organisms
(heterotrophs)
c. May be herbivores,
carnivores & omnivores
*Examples: Animals
Complete Classification of Humans
4. Class:
1. Kingdom:
(Animalia)
(Mammalia)
2. Phylum:
5. Order:
(Chordata)
(Primates)
• Dorsal nerve
6.
Family:
cord(Hominid)
cartilage
• Vertebrae 7. Genus:
3. Subphylum:
(Homo)
(Vertebrata) 8. Species:
(sapien)