Download Copepod biodiversity in four different coastal ecosystems along the

Copepod biodiversity in four different
coastal ecosystems along the Straits of
Malacca
F. M. Yusoff & H. Matias-Peralta
Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra
Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor
UPM
JSPS Meeting, Malacca, 19 & 20th May
2008
JSPS
UPM- JSPS Projects

2001 – 2005:
Copepod biodiversity in an estuarine ecosystem,
Langat River, Malaysia

2006 – 2010:
Copepod
species composition & abundance in
coastal ecosystems, the Straits of Malacca:
Sea-grass, cage-culture, off shrimp farm, off
mangrove forest
Copepod
composition
polluted environment
in
polluted
vs
non-
Mangroves
Shrimp farm
Cages
Northeast
monsoon
Sea grass
November 2005 – rainfall (amount in mm)
Intermonsoon
March 2006 – rainfall (amount in mm)
Southwest
monsoon
May 2006 – rainfall (amount in mm)
Monsoon seasons in Malaysia
Monsoon season Months
Northeast
November to
February
Inter-monsoon
March to April
Southwest
May to August
Inter-monsoon
September to
October
Source: http://www.met.gov.my/english/publication/mwb.html Malaysian Meteorological Department
Sea Grass Bed
1. 01’ 19.947N 103’ 35.909E
2. 01’ 20.220N 103’ 36.104E
3. 01’ 19.748N 103’ 35.211E
Marine Cage Aquaculture
1. 03’ 00.665N 101’ 16.267E
2. 03’ 00.634N 101’ 16.274E
3. 03’ 00.607N 101’ 16.259E
Off shrimp farms
1. N 03°15.105’ E 101°17.790’
2. N 03°15.712’ E 101°16.673’
3. N 03°16.083’ E 101°16.345’
Off mangrove areas
1.
N 04°49.246’ E 100°32.976’
2.
N 04°49.031’ E 100°32.979’
3.
N 04°48.515’ E 100°32.728’
Sampling
• from four ecosystems along the Straits of
Malacca
• 3 points in each site; triplicates from each
point
•
•
•
•
•
6X/bi-monthly
Field preservation
Lab. Processes
Water quality analyses
Identification & enumeration
Sample collection
Sample
Equipment
Method
Copepod
100µm mesh size
(50cm dia x 100cm
length)
Vertical tows
Water (D.O., pH,
Temp, Sal. Cond.
TDS, Turb.)
Hydrolab Surveyor
(4A)
Every 1 meter
depth
Water (nutrients: VanDorn water
TAN, nitrite-N,
sampler
TN, SRP and TP)
Copepod
(identification,
enumeration and
biomass)
5% buffered (pH
8.0-8.2) formalin
Pooled sample
(Surface &
bottom)
Sample processing
Samples (3 bottles)
Split samples with
Folsom plankton splitter
sorting, identification
& enumeration
sorting, biomass
Dissecting microscope
Compound microscope
Wet weight
Dry weight
Ash-free dry weight
% of copepod and non-copepod groups from different coastal
zone ecosystems in the Malacca Straits
Group
Seagrass Coastal
bed
waters off a
mangrove
forest reserve
Coastal
waters off
a shrimp
farm
Cage
culture
area
Copepods
72.24
65.37
63.62
68.49
Nauplii
7.54
8.06
7.94
10.48
Copepodids
1.75
12.88
13.32
12.29
Calanoids
45.84
30.14
29.48
26.11
Cyclopoids
12.71
11.49
9.23
16.31
Harpacticoids
3.69
2.67
2.99
2.52
Poecilostomatoids
0.71
0.13
0.66
0.78
Non-copepod
27.76
34.63
36.38
31.51
a
150.00
Density (x104 indv/m3)
135.00
a
120.00
105.00
90.00
75.00
60.00
45.00
b
30.00
b
15.00
0.00
Coastal w aters off a
shrimp aquaculture
farm
Coastal w aters off a
mangrove forest
reserve
Cage culture area
Seagrass area
Copepod density (x104 ind/m3) in 4 coastal ecosystems
along the Malacca Straits
Density (x10 4 indv/m 3)
200.0
180.0
160.0
140.0
120.0
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
Natural ecosystems
Coastal waters off a
shrimp aquaculture farm
Coastal waters off a
mangrove forest reserve
Cage culture area
Seagrass area
Nov
(NE)
Jan
(NE)
March
(PreSW)
May
(SW)
July
(SW)
Sept
(PostSW)
Copepod density (x104 ind/m3) in 4 coastal ecosystems
along the Straits of Malacca, in different seasons
Density (x10 4 ind/m3)
60.0
55.0
50.0
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
Copepod
c
Non-copepods
b
c
Intermonsoon 1
SW
a
a
b
c
c
Intermonsoon 2
NE
Monsoon season
Density (x 104 ind/m3) of copepod vs non-copepod at
different monsoon season in the seagrass area
(significant difference within the seasons)
Copepod
50.0
Non-copepods
Density (x10 3 indv/m 3)
45.0
a
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
b
20.0
15.0
a
a
a
b
b
b
10.0
5.0
0.0
Intermonsoon 1
SW
Intermonsoon 2
NE
Density (x 103 ind/m3) of copepods vs non-copepods in
diff. monsoon seasons in cage aquaculture area
Density (x 10 4 indv/m3)
180.0
165.0
150.0
135.0
120.0
105.0
90.0
75.0
60.0
45.0
30.0
15.0
0.0
Copepod
Non Copepod
a
a
a
a
b
b
Intermonsoon1
SW
b
b
Intermonsoon 2
NE
Density (x 104 ind/m3) of copepod vs non-copepod in
different monsoon seasons in the coastal waters off a
shrimp aquaculture farm (no significant difference
between seasons)
4
3
Density (x10 ind/m )
250.0
225.0
200.0
175.0
150.0
125.0
100.0
75.0
50.0
25.0
0.0
Copepod
Non Copepod
a
a
a
b
a
a
b
b
Intermonsoon
1
SW
Intermonsoon
2
NE
Monsoon season
Density (x 104 ind/m3) of copepod vs non-copepod at
different monsoon season in the coastal waters off
mangrove area
Biomass (mg/m3 )
250.00
200.00
a
b
150.00
c
c
Cage culture
area
Seagrass area
100.00
50.00
0.00
Coastal waters Coastal waters
off a shrimp
off a mangrove
aquaculture
forest reserved
farm
Copepod biomass (mg/m3) in 4 different coastal
ecosystems along the Malacca Straits
Biomass (mg/m 3)
300.0
Coastal waters off a
shrimp aquaculture farm
250.0
Coastal waters off a
mangrove forest reserved
200.0
150.0
Cage culture area
100.0
50.0
Seagrass area
0.0
Nov (NE) Jan (NE)
March
(Pre-SW)
May
(SW)
July
(SW)
Sept
(PostSW)
Season
Copepod biomass (mg/m3) in four different coastal
ecosystems along the Straits of Malacca in different seasons
90.0
a
80.0
Density (x104 ind/m 3)
70.0
60.0
a
< 0.5
0.5 - 1.0
> 1.0
a
a
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
b
b
0.0
Coastal w aters off a shrimp
aquacuture farm
Coastal w aters off a
mangrove forest reserve
a a a
Cage culture area
a
a
b
Seagrass area
Coastal ecosystem s
Abundance (x 104 ind/m3) of common copepod species in
different size fractions (mm) in 4 coastal ecosystems along
Malacca Straits
Density (x10 3 ind/m 3)
300.0
275.0
250.0
225.0
200.0
175.0
150.0
125.0
100.0
75.0
50.0
25.0
0.0
< 0.5
0.5 - 1.0
a
> 1.0
a
a a
Intermonsoon 1
a a
b
SW
a a
Intermonsoon 2
b
NE
Monsoon season
Abundance of common copepod species (x 103 ind/m3)
in different size fractions (mm) in diff. monsoon seasons
in seagrass area
< 0.5
Density (x10 3 indv/m 3)
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
0.5 - 1.0
> 1.0
a a
a
a
a
a
b
b
a
c
c
b
2.0
0.0
Intermonsoon 1
SW
Intermonsoon 2
NE
Monsoon season
Abundance of common copepod species (x 103
ind/m3) in different size fractions (mm)in different
monsoon seasons in the cage aquaculture area
(significant difference within size fractions exist
depending on the season)
< 0.5
Density (x10 4 indv/m3)
90.0
80.0
50.0
> 1.0
a
a a
70.0
60.0
0.5 - 1.0
a
a a
a a
40.0
30.0
20.0
b
b
b
b
10.0
0.0
Intermonsoon 1
SW
Intermonsoon 2
NE
Monsoon season
Abundance of common copepod species (x 104 ind/m3)
in different size fractions (mm) in diff. seasons in waters
off a shrimp aquaculture farm.
< 0.5
Density (x10 4 ind/m3)
140.0
0.5 - 1.0
> 1.0
a
120.0
100.0
80.0
a
a
a
a
a
a a
60.0
40.0
20.0
b
0.0
Intermonsoon 1
SW
b
b
b
Intermonsoon 2
NE
Monsoon season
Copepod density (x 103 ind/m3) in different size
fractions (mm) in diff. monsoon seasons in
coastal waters off mangrove forest (lowest
(p<0.05) density for bigger size copepod)
Copepod species in different size fractions (mm)
Size category (mm)
<0.50
0.5-1.0
>1.0
Nauplii,
copepodites,
Oithona rigida
O.simplex
Euterpina
acutifrons
Oncaea sp.
Clausocalanus
minor
Paracalanus aculateus, P.
crassirostris, P. elegans,
P. parvus, Acartia
pacifica,
Acartia sp 1,
Acrocalanus gibber,
Oithona sp.1,
Microsetella norwegica
Nannocalanus sp., Acartia
erythraea, Candacia
discauda,
Candacia catula, Tortanus
forcipatus,
Tortanus sp.1
Centropages furcatus
Eucalanus crassus E.
subcrassus,
E. subtenuis,
Labidocera acuta
Tortanus barbatus
Temora stylifera
Temora turbinate
4.50
4.00
3.50
H'
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
November (NE)
15.0
January (NE)
March (Pre-SW)
May (SW)
July (SW)
Sept (Pre-NE)
Cage culture area
coastal waters off a shrimp aquaculture farm
Seagrass area
coastal waters off a mangrove forest reserve
d
12.0
9.0
6.0
3.0
0.0
November
(NE)
January
(NE)
March (Pre- May (SW)
SW)
Sampling months
July (SW)
Sept (Pre-
January
Sept (Post
SW)
1.2
1.0
J'
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
May (SW)
July (SW)
November
March (Pre-
Species diversity index
(H’),
NE)
(NE) evenness
(NE)
SW)(J’) and
Sampling months
species richness in 4 ecosystems in Malacca
Straits in diff. seasons
Copepod diversity indices from different coastal zone
ecosystems in the Malacca Straits
Index
Seagrass
bed
Coastal
waters off a
mangrove
forest reserve
H’ (species
diversity index
3.24±
0.03
0.90
±0.01
4.97
±0.1
2.82±0.02 2.90±
0.03
0.83±0.01 0.81±
0.01
3.45±0.06 4.15±
0.06
J’ Species
evenness
d (species
richness)
Coastal
waters off
a shrimp
farm
Cage
culture
area
3.49
±0.02
0.88
±0.01
7.64
±0.26
H’
# Genera
# Species
30
67
Seagrass
20
48
3.24± 0.03
Cage Aquac
24
59
3.49 ±0.02
16
Shrimp
farm
Mangroves 14
44
2.90± 0.03
35
2.82±0.02
Specific Ecosystems
Coastal Waters
Dendograms of 4 ecosystems along the Straits of
Malacca.
Mangroves
Cage Aquac
Shrimp
F Farm
Shrimp
Seagrass Bed
Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling of four different
coastal ecosystems along Malacca Straits
In situ water quality parameter in different coastal zone
ecosystems in the Malacca Straits.
Seagrass
bed
Mangrove
Shrimp
farm
Cage
Temp (ºC)
29.88±0.21
29.92±0.22
29.94±0.25 30.06±0.36
Salinity (ppt)
30.86±0.59
30.79±0.64
30.79±0.64 30.68±0.71
pH
7.88±0.05
7.83±0.04
7.84± 0.04
7.88± 0.01
Diss.O2 (mg/L) 4.68±0.26
4.73±0.29
4.96±0.27
4.48±0.18
Conductivity
(µS/cm)
47.32±0.80
47.27±0.80
47.32±0.83 47.08±0.97
Turbidity
(NTU)
11.58±2.65
13.52±3.71
16.05±2.94 9.12±0.61
TDS (mg/L)
30.36±0.56
29.28±0.99
30.34±0.50 30.13±0.62
250.0
225.0
200.0
175.0
150.0
125.0
100.0
75.0
50.0
25.0
0.0
Cage culture area
coastal waters off a shrimp aquaculture farm
Seagrass area
coastal waters off a mangrove forest reserve
Nov (NE)
Jan (NE)
March (Pre- May (SW)
SW)
July (SW)
Sept (PostSW)
Season
Changes in SRP concentrations
(µg/L) in 4 coastal
ecosystems along the Straits of Malacca in diff. seasons
250.0
225.0
200.0
175.0
150.0
125.0
Cage culture area
coastal waters off a shrimp aquaculture farm
Seagrass area
coastal waters off a mangrove forest reserve
100.0
75.0
50.0
Nov (NE)
Jan (NE)
March
May (SW) July (SW) Sept (Post(Pre-SW)
SW)
Changes in Total P conc.(µg/L) in 4 coastal ecosystems
along the Straits of Malacca in diff. seasons
120.0
110.0
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
Cage culture area
coastal waters off a shrimp aquaculture farm
Seagrass area
coastal waters off a mangrove forest reserve
Nov (NE)
Jan (NE)
March (PreSW)
May (SW)
July (SW)
Sept (PostSW)
Changes in total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations
(µg/L) in 4 coastal ecosystems along the Straits of Malacca
in diff. seasons
120.00
108.00
96.00
84.00
72.00
60.00
48.00
36.00
24.00
12.00
0.00
Cage culture area
coastal waters off a shrimp aquaculture farm
Seagrass area
coastal waters off a mangrove forest reserve
Nov (NE)
Jan (NE)
March (PreSW)
May (SW)
July (SW)
Changes in nitrite nitrogen concentrations
Sept (PostSW)
(µg/L) in 4
ecosystems along the Straits of Malacca in diff. seasons
320.0
Cage culture area
coastal waters off a shrimp aquaculture farm
290.0
260.0
Seagrass area
coastal waters off a mangrove forest reserve
230.0
200.0
170.0
140.0
Nov (NE)
Jan (NE)
March (PreSW)
May (SW)
July (SW)
Sept (PostSW)
Changes in total nitrogen concentrations (µg/L) in 4 coastal
ecosystems along the Straits of Malacca in diff. seasons
The most dominant copepod genera from different coastal
zone ecosystems along the Malacca Straits
Groups
Seagrass
area
Cage culture
area
Coastal
waters off a
shrimp aqua
farm
Coastal
waters off
mangroves
Calanoids
Paracalanus
spp
Paracalanus
spp
Paracalanus
spp
Paracalanus
spp
Acartia spp
Acartia spp
Oithona spp
Oithona spp
Clausocalanus
spp
Acartia spp
Cyclopoids
Oithona spp
List of copepod species from 4 ecosystems (seagrass = S; coastal
waters off a mangrove forest reserve = M; coastal waters off a
shrimp aquaculture farm = SF and cage culture area = C) in the
Straits of Malacca.
Group/Family
Genera
Number of species
S
M
SF
C
Calanoid
Acartidae
Acartia
3
3
3
3
Calanidae
Canthocalanus
1
-
-
1
Nannocalanus
1
-
-
1
Undinula
1
-
-
-
Candacidae
Candacia
-
-
3
3
Centropagidae
Centropages
4
-
-
4
Clausocalanus
3
-
3
3
Eucalanidae
Eucalanus
-
3
3
3
Euchaetidae
Euchaeta
-
-
-
2
Group/Family
Genera
No. of species
S
M
SF
C
Pleuromamma
-
-
-
1
Calanopia
-
-
-
3
Labidocera
6
6
6
6
Pontella
-
-
-
1
Pontellopsis
1
-
-
-
Acrocalanus
3
2
3
3
Paracalanus
4
4
4
4
Pseudodiaptomidae
Pseudodiaptomus
-
-
2
-
Temoridae
Temora
3
3
3
2
Tortaridae
Tortanus
3
3
3
3
33
24
33
43
4
6
5
6
4
6
5
6
Calanoid
Metridinidae
Pontellidae
Paracalanidae
Sub-Total
Cyclopoid
Oithonidae
Sub-Total
Oithona
Family
Genera
Harpacticoid
Number of
species
S
M
SF C
Clytemnestridae
Clytemnestra
1
1
-
1
Ectinosomatidae
Microsetella
1
1
1
1
Euterpinidae
Euterpina
1
1
1
1
Miraciidae
Macrosetella
-
-
1
-
Miracia
1
-
-
-
4
3
3
3
Sub-Total
Poecilostomatoid
Corycaecidae
Corycaeus
4
-
2
4
Oncaeidae
Oncaea
1
1
1
1
Sapphirinidae
Sub-Total
Grand Total
Copilia
2
7
48
1
2
35
3
44
2
7
59
Conclusions
• Dominance
– Copepods dominated: ~70% vs. 30%
– Amongst copepods:
• Calanoid dominated: 26-46%, followed by
cyclopoids
• Densities & Biomass
– Coastal waters (mangroves & shrimps) higher than
specific areas (sea-grass beds & cages); both densities
& biomass
– Higher densities during NE monsoon in sea-grass & offmangrove areas
– Biomass relatively constant throughout
Conclusions - Cont
• Size distribution
– All ecosystems dominated by small-medium species; <1.0
mm
– Similar trends throughout seasons, small % of big
copepods, >1.0 mm
– In sea-grass area, higher density of medium sized
copepods (0.5 – 1.0 mm), esp. in NE monsoon
– In other areas, small copepods (<0.5 mm) dominate
• Clustering
– 2 distinct areas:
• off-shore mangroves and shrimp farm areas
• In specific areas: seagrass & cages: with high fish larvae
– high predation? – difficult without adequate data
Conclusions - Cont
• Species Diversity
– Higher species diversity in areas in sea-grass bed &
cage culture area (in low density areas)
– Mainly due to differences in richness
Controlling factor?– medium predation? Keep density low,
and Biodiversity high
Higher nutrients in shrimp and mangrove areas – higher
density
More datasets required to explain observations