Download CHW3M Education, Urban Rural Living and Economy

CHW3M
Education, Urban & Rural Living, & Economy
February 20th, 2015
MESOPOTAMIAN EDUCATION
At age 8 or 9, boys of the _________ families
began to attend ________
 Children from the _______-class families were
taught life skills at ________
 _______ learned a specific ______ such as boatbuilding or brickmaking, and ______were trained
as wives and _________ (clear gender role
divisions)
 Can you think of a time in recent history (within
the last 200 years where society was similar)?
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EDUCATION CONT’D
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The _______, which was constructed of brick with
small windows near the ______, was called an edubba
or ‘tablet house’
The children _______ school exercises on ______
tablets (you do not want to make many mistakes!)
Sitting on rows of ________ made of mud bricks,
pupils learned _________, arithmetic, _________,
history and __________
Students were called ‘_____’, the teacher (who was a
priest and scribe) was called ‘_______’, and his
monitors were called ‘big _______’?
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How does this school system compare to our current school
system? Is this where the term ‘big brother’ came from
maybe?
EDUCATION CONT’D
The school day ran from ________ to _______, and
discipline was very _______
 Students who did not do their work ________
were punished
 If they made mistakes, they had to ________ the
work over and ________ the exercise
 If the clay _______ before they could make the
connections, the errors remained ________
 Archeologists have found many such tablets with
the teacher’s ____________ marked on them
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URBAN AND RURAL LIVING: SUMER
What was life like in these great cities???
 Sumer:
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the city-states were surrounded by thick high _____
of mud brick
 Inside the walls were a few broad ________, public
squares, and ______ marketplaces
 The _______ (the most sacred building) was always
located in the ________ and served as the focus of
most activities including ______ industries and
religious ceremonies
 Home of lower-class __________ would probably have
seemed quite ________ – constructed of sun-dried
earthen-brown bricks
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SUMERIAN LIVING
A typical home featured a _____ door, and a few
windows covered with ________ grilles high up on
the walls
 An outside ________ led to a flat _______ where
people often slept on hot nights
 Inside was a _______ room, which was cool and
poorly lighted
 Decorations were _______ to matting on the floor
and woven ________ along the walls
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SUMERIAN LIVING CONT’D
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Wealthy ________ Sumerians lived in more elaborate
homes (we know more about their dwellings because
they could afford to build with kiln-dried rather than
sun-dried bricks)
These more permanent materials have allowed
___________ to determine more accurately what
homes were like
A vestibule (passage) ________ the home to the street
Off the vestibule was a large reception room for
guests and a link to an open ______
The open court contained a ______, an _______, and a
grinding _______ for making flour
Rooms for dining, ________, and leisure were located
around the court
ASSYRIAN LIVING
In Assyria, the _______ homes of the wealthy
were ________ to those in Sumer
 Assyrian homes may have been ______ decorated
(wall paintings, hangings, fine rugs etc.)
 Each room had a niche for _______ and for storing
___________ belongings
 For the wealthy families, lavatories (_________)
were constructed with asphalt ______ and drains,
a testimonial to the excellent technology of the
Assyrians
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RURAL MESOPOTAMIA
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Compared to houses in the cities, the ______ homes of
tenant farmers were very _______
They were built close to irrigated ______, each one
linked to the nearest neighbour by a well-beaten
footpath
_______ was very scarce for construction, the earliest
rural dwellings were simple reed huts covered in ____
Later, sun-dried mud ______ were used to build
somewhat more permanent dwellings
The homes had flat roofs, were small and ________ to
construct, residents had to live with the constant
_______ that they might collapse at any time!
HOUSE MANAGEMENT
_____________ of the household was the woman’s
responsibility
 Wealthy women had household ________ to help
them with their daily routine
 If there was no ______ in the courtyard, water
had to be transported from the ________ well
 Grain had to be fetched from the granary,
_________ had to be cared for, and food had to be
____________
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MESOPOTAMIAN DIET
All peoples of Mesopotamia shared a similar
daily _______
 _________ was the main meal of the day
 In poorer homes, family members gathered on
the ______ mats and ate with their _______ from
an array of food in baskets/pottery dishes
 Wealthy usually dined on _______, eating from
tableware – pottery/fine copper cups
 Typical menu
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Baked fish, unleavened bread, goat’s milk, dates,
honey, grapes, and other fruit
Wealthy could afford ______, chicken, and _____
Common drinks were _____ and date _____
BANQUETS AND FEASTS
Banquets & ______ were popular forms of
entertainment among all _________
 The wealthy served lavish spreads of duck, deer,
and roasted wild pork on huge _______ platters –
side dishes of fruit, vegetables & bread
 Even _______ families had feasts & their main
dish would be dried or ______ fish (dressed up for
the occasion) with a mixture of onions and
cucumbers, apples, spices, cheese, and eggs
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THE ECONOMY
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It was _________ the amount of grain yields that
farmers in ___________ were able to produce – in spite
of environmental ___________
Farmers had to ________ the floodwaters of the rivers
and irrigate the ______ to produce sizeable crop yields
The fertile banks of the Tigris and Euphrates _______
produced three main crops
Barley
 Dates
 Sesame _______
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The best farming lands were ________ in higher regions, out
of reach of the floodwaters, or well drained ________
SUMERIAN AGRICULTURE
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Sumerian’s were the first people to harness
_______ (oxen) to their ploughs
They later developed a shoulder-yoke for the oxen
that made ________ the plough easier
 Next they changed the ______ of the plough so that it
became a _________ for turning soil, not just
scratching
 They were also the first to add a seed _______ to the
plough
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SUMERIAN WATER SYSTEMS
Sumerian’s most significant __________ was the
system of dams and _______ that they developed
to control the floodwaters and for irrigation
 Each city-state built a _______ canal that was fed
by a dam on either Tigris or Euphrates river
 _______ canals were constructed on a _____,
water could flow more easily – linked the main
canal to ditches surrounding the city’s fields
 All channels were controlled by ______ –
regulated by __________ or inserting clods of
earth
 This required HUGE amounts of time & effort
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WATER SYSTEM CONT’D
________ was still a major concern
 At anytime, rushing floodwaters could dump
______ into the canals, clogging them and
destroying fields – one ________ canal could be
disastrous
 The government hired irrigators to help keep the
canals _______
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Made each farmer __________ for regularly
maintaining them
__________ areas of Mesopotamia didn’t need as much
irrigation to grow grain and fruit
ASSYRIAN IRRIGATION
Assyrian’s also developed a system of __________
 The farming land (like in Sumer) was limited to a
narrow band ______ the river banks
 They protected the land by preventing ______,
________, and ______ from grazing on it
 Most of the farm animals were raised in ______
 On the northern mountain slopes, sheep grazed
_______, and wool became an important industry
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AGRICULTURE LINK TO SOCIAL
ORGANIZATION
Agriculture was closely linked to the _________
and social organizations in Mesopotamia
 Sumerians – believed that the land surrounding
a particular city-state belonged to the ______ of
that city-state
 Since priests were the ‘_______’ of gods, the land
was owned by the ________ and the priests leased
out the land to the __________
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MESOPOTAMIAN TAXES
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Sumerian farmers were expected to _______ 1/3 of the
proceeds from their harvest to the _____of the citystate, and 1/3 to the _______ to help finance the
operation of the ___________
The final third was theirs to ______, even though the
government still ______ them on their profit!
Between 2500 BCE and 2360 BCE, priests levied
_______taxes & confiscated the ______ of any farmer
who did not pay – enraged the farmers
Urukagina (King of Lagash) realized how _______ this
was and took over the taxing powers of the _______
and returned much of the land to the farmers
During the time of Hammurabi (Babylonian empire)
individuals were allowed to own _______ amounts of
land around the cities
MESOPOTAMIAN INDUSTRY
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________ agricultural industry meant that not all
citizens had to ______ – some could become
craftspeople or artisans
Workrooms were located around and within the low
walls of the __________
Other jobs:
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Tanners preparing animal skins for containers
Military dress
Harnesses
Potters spinning clay vessels on wheels
___________ making tools/wagons/ships
Weavers producing woollen textiles
_______ workers (copper/gold/silver/bronze for bowls,
statues, tools, weapons, ornaments)
MESOPOTAMIAN TRADE
Temple _______ kept detailed records and
_________ on clay tablets to guarantee that the
industries were run ___________
 Small ______ called keleks (made of
reeds/goatskins) carried ______ up and down the
major rivers from one Sumerian city to another
 Transport not always ______ (swift currents and
sandbanks could capsize boats)
 Long ships, powered by square _____ and ______,
brought back building stone from ______, copper
from Cyprus, gold from _______, and cedar from
Lebanon
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TRADE CONT’D
In exchange, Sumerians _______ wool, cloth,
jewelry, oil, and grains
 These ventures in trade ________ an exchange in
________ and ______ that further promoted the
development of the civilized ________
 Babylonians were the ________ traders, major
trade routes met at the city of Babylon
 Like the Sumerians and Babylonians, the
Assyrians were enthusiastic traders
 The places where trade took place became major
market ________
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TRADE CONT’D
_________ became very important to the economy
of major Assyrian cities
 A population of craftspeople ______ in each centre
 They opened stalls on the streets to exchange
their ______, pottery, or woollen _______ for
imported products
 Like the Sumerians, the Assyrians _______all of
their business transactions, however they
__________ the system by using fewer signs &
symbols
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