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THE ESC TEXTBOOK OF CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE Chapter 23 Heart Failure John McMurray, Mark Petrie, Karl Swedberg, Michel Komajda, Stefan Anker, and Roy Gardner References 1 Dickstein K, Cohen-Solal A, Filippatos G, et al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2008 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association of the ESC (HFA) and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM). Eur Heart J 2008; 29: 2388–442. 2 Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, et al. 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