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Skeletal System: Skull
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Bones of the Skull
SPLANCHNOCRANIUM
• Nasal (2)
• Maxilla (2)
• Lacrimal (2)
• Zygomatic (2)
• Palatine (2)
• Inferior concha (2)
• Vomer
• Mandible
NEUROCRANIUM
• Frontal
• Parietal (2)
• Temporal (2)
• Occipital
• Sphenoid
• Ethmoid
EAR OSSICLES
• Stapes (2)
• Malleus (2)
• Incus (2)
HYOID
2 Functional Areas
• Splanchnocranium –
face
• Neurocranium –
vault and cranial
base
Development
General Developmental
Organization
• Chondocranium (cranial base) – cartilage
models (enchochondral ossification)
• Neurocranial vault – from mesenchyme
(intramembranous)
• Viscerocranium – from mesenchyme
(pharyngeal arches) (intramembranous)
Neonatal Skull
(neurocranial syndesmoses)
Metopic suture
Frontal
Ant. fontanelle
Post. fontanelle
795 WUSTL Med School
376 Korean War Dead
Functional Matrix Hypothesis
Growth of skull bones depends almost
entirely on surrounding soft tissues. Bone
growth is secondary and compensatory to
soft tissue growth
Achondroplasia
Artificial cranial
modification
Craniosynostosis
Crouzon’s Syndrome
(coronal synostosis)
Apert’s Syndrome
(extensive synostoses)
Trigonocephaly
(premature metopic suture closure)
W.A. Mozart’s cranium
Anatomy of the Skull
• Individual bones
• Structures within bones
• Regions
– Intracranial fossae
– Temporal fossa, Infratemporal fossa,
Pterygopalatine fossa
• Other structures and “landmarks”
Intracranial Fossae
Anterior Cranial Fossa
(frontal lobe)
ACF
MCF
PCF
Middle Cranial Fossa
(temporal lobe)
Posterior Cranial Fossa
(cerebellum)
9
FYI
The following slides show pictures and
drawings of the skull and individual bones
with important landmarks identified.
These aren’t landmarks that you need to
memorize now! You will in the future!
Superciliary Arch
Frontal
Supraorbital
Notch
Superior
Orbital
Fissure
Temporal
Sphenoid
Frontal
Process
(Maxilla)
Lacrimal
Inferior
Orbital
Fissure
Zygomatic
Zygomatic
Arch
Nasal
Infraorbital
Foramen
Maxilla
Inferior
Nasal
Concha
Anterior
Nasal
Spine
Canine
Fossa
Mental
Foramen
Mandible
Mental Eminence
Incisive Fossa
Maxilla
Greater
Palatine
Foramen
Palatine
Zygomatic
Foramen
Lacerum
Foramen
Ovale
Foramen
Spinosum
Mandibular
Fossa
Vomer
Sphenoid
Temporal
Styloid
Process
External
Auditory
Meatus
Carotid
Canal
Mastoid
Process
Hypoglossal
Canal
Stylomastoid
Foramen
Occipital
Foramen
Magnum
Jugular
Foramen
Crista
Galli
Foramen
Cecum
Optic
Foramen
Cribriform
Plate
Optic
Fissure
Frontal
Lesser Wing
of Sphenoid
Foramen
Lacerum
Greater Wing
of Sphenoid
Foramen
Ovale
Sphenoid
Foramen
Spinosum
Sella
Turcica
Temporal
Carotid
Canal
Jugular
Foramen
Hypoglossal
Canal
Occipital
Foramen
Magnum
Frontal
Parietal
Nasal
Zygomatic
Occipital
Maxilla
Temporal
Sphenoid
Mandible
Squamosal
Suture
Coronal
Suture
Zygomatic Process of
the Temporal Bone
Superciliary
Arch
External
Auditory
Meatus
Temporal
Process of the
Zygomatic
Bone
Lamdoidal
Suture
Anterior
Nasal
Spine
External
Occipital
Protuberance
Mental
Foramen
Mastoid
Process
Styloid
Process
Mental
Eminence
Mandibular
Condyle
Gonial
Angle
Mandibular
Notch
Coronoid
Process
Frontal
process
Infraorbital
margin
N
L
Zygomatic
e
sphe
p
Zygomaticofacial foramen
Infraorbital
foramen
Anterior nasal
spine
Alveolar process
Maxilla, Nasal,
Lacrimal
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Palatine
Incisive foramen
Palatine process
Horizontal plate
Grtr. palatine for.
Posterior nasal
spine
Lssr. palatine foramina
Sphenoid
Lssr. wing
Cribriform plate
Anterior clinoid process
Carotid grv.
Grtr. wing
Grv. optic chiasma
Hypophyseal
(pituitary) fossa
Dorsum sellae
Posterior clinoid process
Sella turcica
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
---lotsa, V1
Foramen rotundum
---V2
Foramen ovale
---V3
Foramen spinosum
---Middle meningeal a.
CN V, Trigeminal Nerve
Sphenoid
Hamulus
Pterygoid fossa
Lateral pterygoid plate
Medial pterygoid plate
Scaphoid fossa
Pterygoid canal
Spine
Vomer
Sphenoid Bone, Superior View (with parts
visible from inside skull with skullcap removed)
Lesser wing
Greater wing
Anterior
clinoid
processes
Posterior
clinoid
processes
Pituitary
fossa
Optic
canals
Dorsum
sella
Clivus
Sella
turcica
Sphenoid Bone, Anterior View
Greater
wings
Lesser
wings
Superior
orbital fissure
Sphenoidal
sinuses
Pterygoid
fossa
Pterygoid
processes
Sphenoidal
crest
Sphenoidal
rostrum
(most A-I
part of crest)
Medial & lateral
ptyerygoid plates
Pterygoid canal
Sphenoid bone, Inferior view (with parts visible
from outside of skull)
Pterygoid
process
Pterygoid
fossa
Infratemporal
crests
Pterygoid
hamulus
Foramen
ovale
Medial
pterygoid
plate
Lateral
pterygoid
plate
Foramen
spinosum
Infratemporal fossa
Pa
Fr
Sp
Te
Temporal fossa
Zy
Mx
Pterygomaxillary fissure
Pterygopalatine fossa, to
Sphenopalatine
foramen
SUPERIOR
Temporal Bone, Lateral view
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
Squamous
portion
Supramastoid
crest
Suprameatal
crest
Tympanic
portion
External
auditory
meatus
INFERIOR
Mastoid
process
Postglenoid
process
Glenoid
fossa
Zygomatic
process
Articular
eminence
Temporal Bone, Medial view
SUPERIOR
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
Squamous
portion
Sigmoid
sulcus
(gray
curve)
Petrous
portion
Zygomatic
process
Internal auditory
meatus
INFERIOR
Temporal Bone, Inferior view
Zygomatic
process
Articular
eminence
Glenoid fossa
External
auditory
meatus
Styloid
process
Occipital
groove
Mastoid
notch
Mastoid
process
Postglenoid
process
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
IAM
VII
VIII
EAM
Tympanic
membrane
Mandible
Coronoid process
Lingula
Mandibular foramen
Mand. notch
Head
Neck
Ramus
Mental protuberance
ne
i
l
Alveolar process
ue
q
i
l
Body
Ob
Mental tubercle
Mental foramen
Angle
Condylar
process
oi
y
loh
y
M
ine
l
d
Mylohyoid groove
Rt. submandibular fossa
Lt. digastric fossa
Rt. mental spine
Joints in the Skull - Sutures
Fontanelles
Bregmatic
fontanelle
Parietal
Frontal
Anterolateral
fontanelle
Lambdoid
fontanelle
Posterolateral
fontanelle
Sphenoid
Occipital
Temporal
Sinuses
•
•
Void chambers
Linked to nasal
cavity
•
•
•
•
Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Sinuses
Cross-section