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21 Blood Vessels and Circulation PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Jason LaPres Lone Star College—North Harris © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 21-1 Classes of Blood Vessels • Arteries • Carry blood away from heart • Arterioles • Are smallest branches of arteries • Capillaries • Are smallest blood vessels • Location of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid • Venules • Collect blood from capillaries • Veins • Return blood to heart © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 21-1 Blood Vessels • The Structure of Vessel Walls • Walls have three layers 1. Tunica intima 1. Enothelium and CT 2. Internal Elastic Lamina 2. Tunica media 1. smooth muscle 2. External Elastic Lamina 3. Tunica externa 1. Anchors vessel to adjacent tissues in arteries © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21-1 Comparisons of a Typical Artery and a Typical Vein Tunica externa Tunica media Tunica intima Smooth muscle Lumen of vein Internal elastic membrane External elastic membrane Endothelium Lumen of artery Elastic fiber ARTERY © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Artery and vein LM 60 Figure 21-1 Comparisons of a Typical Artery and a Typical Vein Tunica externa Tunica media Tunica intima Lumen of vein Smooth muscle Lumen of artery Artery and vein © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Endothelium LM 60 VEIN Figure 21-2 Histological Structure of Blood Vessels Large Vein Tunica externa Tunica media Endothelium Tunica intima Medium-Sized Vein Tunica externa Tunica media Endothelium Tunica intima Venule Tunica externa Endothelium © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21-2 Histological Structure of Blood Vessels Elastic Artery Internal elastic layer Endothelium Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica externa Muscular Artery Tunica externa Tunica media Endothelium Tunica intima Arteriole Smooth muscle cells (Media) Endothelium Basement membrane © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21-2 Histological Structure of Blood Vessels Fenestrated Capillary Pores Endothelial cells Basement membrane © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Capillaries Continuous Capillary Endothelial cells Basement membrane 21-1 Structure and Function of Capillaries • Continuous Capillaries • Have complete endothelial lining • Are found in all tissues except epithelia and cartilage • Functions of continuous capillaries • Permit diffusion of water, small solutes, and lipidsoluble materials • Block blood cells and plasma proteins © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 21-1 Structure and Function of Capillaries • Fenestrated Capillaries • Have pores in endothelial lining • Permit rapid exchange of water and larger solutes between plasma and interstitial fluid • Are found in: • Choroid plexus • Endocrine organs • Kidneys • Intestinal tract © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 21-1 Structure and Function of Capillaries • Sinusoids (Sinusoidal Capillaries) • Have gaps between adjacent endothelial cells • Liver • Spleen • Bone marrow • Endocrine organs • Permit free exchange • Of water and large plasma proteins • Between blood and interstitial fluid • Phagocytic cells monitor blood at sinusoids © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21-4a Capillary Structure Basement membrane Endothelial cell Nucleus Endosomes Basement membrane © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Boundary between endothelial cells Continuous capillary Figure 21-4b Capillary Structure Basement membrane Endothelial cell Nucleus Endosomes Fenestrations, or pores Boundary between endothelial cells Basement membrane Fenestrated capillary © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21-4c Capillary Structure Gap between adjacent cells Sinusoid © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 21-2 Pressure and Resistance • Normal = 120/80 • Hypertension • Abnormally high blood pressure • Greater than 140/90 • Hypotension • Abnormally low blood pressure © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21-21 An Overview of the Major Systemic Arteries Vertebral Right common carotid Left common carotid Left subclavian Right subclavian Brachiocephalic trunk Axillary Aortic arch Ascending aorta Pulmonary trunk Descending aorta Diaphragm Celiac trunk Brachial Renal Superior mesenteric Gonadal Inferior mesenteric Common iliac Radial Internal iliac Ulnar External iliac Palmar arches Deep femoral Femoral © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21-23 Arteries of the Neck and Head Anterior cerebral Middle cerebral Ophthalmic Cerebral arterial circle Carotid canal Posterior cerebral Basilar Internal carotid Carotid sinus Vertebral Inferior thyroid Thyrocervical trunk Transverse cervical Suprascapular Subclavian Axillary Internal thoracic Second rib © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21-25a Major Arteries of the Trunk Aortic arch Internal thoracic Thoracic aorta Somatic Branches of the Thoracic Aorta Intercostal arteries Superior phrenic Inferior phrenic A diagrammatic view, with most of the thoracic and abdominal organs removed © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21-25a Major Arteries of the Trunk Visceral Branches of the Thoracic Aorta Bronchial arteries Esophageal arteries Mediastinal arteries Pericardial arteries A diagrammatic view, with most of the thoracic and abdominal organs removed © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21-25a Major Arteries of the Trunk Diaphragm Adrenal Renal Gonadal Lumbar Terminal segment of the aorta Common iliac Median sacral A diagrammatic view, with most of the thoracic and abdominal organs removed © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21-25a Major Arteries of the Trunk Celiac Trunk Left gastric Splenic Common hepatic Superior mesenteric Abdominal aorta Inferior mesenteric A diagrammatic view, with most of the thoracic and abdominal organs removed © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21-26 Arteries Supplying the Abdominopelvic Organs Branches of the Common Hepatic Artery Hepatic artery proper (liver) Gastroduodenal (stomach and duodenum) Cystic (gallbladder) Liver Right gastric (stomach) Right gastroepiploid (stomach and duodenum) Superior pancreaticoduodenal (duodenum) Ascending colon Pancreas Superior Mesenteric Artery Inferior pancreaticoduodenal (pancreas and duodenum) Middle colic (cut) (large intestine) Right colic (large intestine) Ileocolic (large intestine) Small intestine Intestinal arteries (small intestine) Rectum © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21-26 Arteries Supplying the Abdominopelvic Organs The Celiac Trunk Common hepatic Left gastric Splenic Spleen Stomach Pancreas Branches of the Splenic Artery Left gastroepiploic (stomach) Pancreatic (pancreas) Inferior Mesenteric Artery Left colic (colon) Sigmoid (colon) Rectal (rectum) Small intestine Sigmoid colon Rectum © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21-23 Arteries of the Neck and Head Branches of the External Carotid Superficial temporal Maxillary Occipital Facial Lingual External carotid Common carotid Brachiocephalic trunk © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21-24a Arteries of the Brain Cerebral Arterial Circle Anterior cerebral Anterior communicating Anterior cerebral Ophthalmic Internal carotid (cut) Posterior communicating Posterior cerebral Middle cerebral Pituitary gland Posterior cerebral Basilar Vertebral Cerebellar Inferior surface © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21-24b Arteries of the Brain Middle cerebral Anterior cerebral Posterior cerebral Basilar Vertebral Ophthalmic Cerebral arterial circle Internal carotid Lateral view © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21-22a Arteries of the Chest and Upper Limb Suprascapular Thyrocervical trunk Right subclavian Right common carotid Left common carotid Vertebral Thoracoacromial Axillary Brachiocephalic trunk Left subclavian Lateral thoracic Anterior humeral circumflex Aortic arch Ascending aorta Posterior humeral circumflex Subscapular Thoracic aorta Heart Deep brachial Intercostal arteries Internal thoracic Brachial Ulnar collateral arteries Abdominal aorta Ulnar recurrent arteries Arteries of the chest and upper limb, a diagrammatic view © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 21-7 The Systemic Circuit • The Brachial Artery • Divides at coronoid fossa of humerus • Into radial artery and ulnar artery • Fuse at wrist to form: • Superficial and deep palmar arches • Which supply digital arteries © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21-22a Arteries of the Chest and Upper Limb Radial Anterior crural interosseous Ulnar Deep palmar arch Superficial palmar arch Digital arteries © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Arteries of the chest and upper limb, a diagrammatic view Figure 21-27a Arteries of the Lower Limb Common iliac External iliac Superior gluteal Inguinal ligament Internal iliac Lateral sacral Internal pudendal Obturator Deep femoral Medial femoral circumflex Lateral femoral circumflex Femoral Descending genicular © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior view Figure 21-27a Arteries of the Lower Limb Popliteal Anterior tibial Posterior tibial Fibular Dorsalis pedis Medial plantar Lateral plantar Dorsal arch Plantar arch © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior view Figure 21-27b Arteries of the Lower Limb Superior gluteal Right external iliac Internal pudendal Obturator Deep femoral Lateral femoral circumflex Medial femoral circumflex Femoral Descending genicular © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior view Figure 21-27b Arteries of the Lower Limb Popliteal Anterior tibial Posterior tibial Fibular © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior view Figure 21-21 An Overview of the Major Systemic Arteries Femoral Popliteal Descending genicular Posterior tibial Anterior tibial Fibular Dorsalis pedis Plantar arch © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21-28 An Overview of the Major Systemic Veins KEY Superficial veins Deep veins Vertebral External jugular Subclavian Axillary Brachial Internal jugular Brachiocephalic Superior vena cava Intercostal veins Basilic Hepatic veins Inferior vena cava Renal Gonadal Median cubital Lumbar veins Radial Median antebrachial Left and right common iliac External iliac Internal iliac Ulnar Palmar venous arches Digital veins Deep femoral Femoral © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21-29c Major Veins of the Head, Neck, and Brain Superior sagittal sinus Superficial cerebral veins Temporal Deep cerebral Cavernous sinus Maxillary Inferior sagittal sinus Great cerebral Straight sinus Petrosal sinuses Right transverse sinus Facial Occipital sinus Sigmoid sinus Occipital Vertebral External jugular Internal jugular Right subclavian Clavicle Axillary Right brachiocephalic Left brachiocephalic Superior vena cava Internal thoracic © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Veins draining the brain and the superficial and deep portions of the head and neck. Figure 21-30 The Venous Drainage of the Abdomen and Chest SUPERIOR VENA CAVA Mediastinal veins Esophageal veins Azygos Internal thoracic Hepatic veins Renal veins Gonadal veins Lumbar veins Common iliac KEY Superficial veins Deep veins © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Internal iliac External iliac Medial sacral Figure 21-33 The Hepatic Portal System Inferior vena cava Hepatic Liver Cystic Hepatic portal Superior Mesenteric Vein and Its Tributaries Pancreaticoduodenal Middle colic (from transverse colon) Right colic (ascending colon) Ileocolic (Ileum and ascending colon) Intestinal (small intestine) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Pancreas Figure 21-33 The Hepatic Portal System Left gastric Right gastric Splenic Vein and Its Tributaries Stomach Spleen Pancreas Left gastroepiploic (stomach) Right gastroepiploic (stomach) Pancreatic Descending colon Inferior Mesenteric Vein and Its Tributaries Left colic (descending colon) Sigmoid (sigmoid colon) Superior rectal (rectum) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21-29b Major Veins of the Head, Neck, and Brain Inferior sagittal Superior sagittal sinus sinus Great cerebral vein Straight sinus Occipital sinus Cavernous sinus Petrosal sinuses Internal jugular Vertebral vein Right transverse sinus Right sigmoid sinus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. A lateral view of the brain showing the venous distribution. Figure 21-28 An Overview of the Major Systemic Veins Femoral Great saphenous Popliteal Small saphenous Posterior tibial Anterior tibial Fibular KEY Superficial veins Deep veins Plantar venous arch Dorsal venous arch © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21-29b Major Veins of the Head, Neck, and Brain Inferior sagittal Superior sagittal sinus sinus Great cerebral vein Straight sinus Occipital sinus Cavernous sinus Petrosal sinuses Internal jugular Vertebral vein Right transverse sinus Right sigmoid sinus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. A lateral view of the brain showing the venous distribution. Figure 21-34a Fetal Circulation Aorta Foramen ovale (open) Ductus arteriosus (open) Pulmonary trunk Umbilical vein Liver Placenta Umbilical cord Umbilical arteries Blood flow to and from the placenta in full-term fetus (before birth) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Inferior vena cava Ductus venosus
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