Download 2nd Semester Final STUDY GUIDE 2015 FULL YEAR

AP Psychology
Mr. Franklin
2nd Semester Final / Study Guide
Prologue
Wilhelm Wundt (Germany/1879 – First Psychology Lab)
Ivan Pavlov (Russia/Conditioning Studies)
Sigmund Freud (Austria/Psychoanalysis)
William James (U.S./Published important Psychology text)
Early psychologists studied mental processes (1890’s – 1920’s)
Mid-20th century observable behavior became more important (1920-1950)
Nature vs Nurture debate
Darwin and natural selection
Know Psychology’s current perspectives
Basic research vs applied research
Clinical psychologists
Psychiatrists
Chapter 1
Hindsight bias – “I knew it all along”
Hypothesis – testable predictions
Theory – explains, organizes, and predicts observable behaviors
Operational definitions – statement of procedures
Replication – repeating the study with different participants
Case Studies
Survey
Sampling
- population
- random sample
Naturalistic Observation
Correlation coefficient
Experiment – research method where factors (variables) can be controlled
- Experimental and Control Groups
- Independent and Dependent Variables
- Placebo
- Double Blind Studies
Mean, Median, and Mode
Range
Standard Deviation
Chapter 2
Neurons (signal travel ► dendrites, cell body, axon)
- Action potential and threshold
- Myelin sheath
- Synapse and reuptake
Neurotransmitters
- Acetylcholine (muscle action, learning, and memory)
- Endorphins (pain relief)
Central and Peripheral nervous systems
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems
Somatic and Autonomic systems
Tools of Discovery (i.e. lesions, EEG, CT scan)
Lower level brain structures
- Brainstem (Heart rate, breathing, Reticular formation)
- Thalamus (Relay station)
- Cerebellum (Coordination, balance)
- Limbic System (Amygdala – emotion/ Hypothalamus – pleasure center)
Cerebral Cortex
- Functions of the regions (Foolish Moms Smoke POT / The Lobes)
- Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas (speech and language/temporal lobe)
Split Brain Surgery (Corpus Callosum)
- Brain plasticity (more evident in younger brains)
Chapter 3
Sperm and Egg (23 chromosomes each) / Other cells – 46 chromosomes
DNA and genes
Evolutionary psychology
- Natural selection
- Mutations
Twin studies – heredity
Temperament
Enriched environments ► cause an increased number synapses.
Cultural differences (i.e. Western and Latin countries, personal space, etc.)
Gender (X and Y chromosomes)
Chapter 4
Prenatal Development (zygote, embryo, fetus)
Rooting reflex
Jean Piaget (Pg. 127)
- schema
- assimilation
- accommodation
*** Know Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development
Responsive parenting lead to secure attachment
3 Parenting styles (Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive)
Kohlberg’s theory on moral reasoning
Erikson’s 8 stages of psychosocial development
Dementia (Alzheimer’s)
Chapter 5
Bottom-up processing
Top-down processing
Absolute threshold
Subliminal stimulation (below absolute threshold)
Sensory adaptation
Function of the various parts of the eye
Blind Spot (Optic nerve exits the retina)
Additive color mixing (R,G, and B = white)
Subtractive color mixing (R,Y and B = black)
Parallel processing
Structures of the ear and their functions
Location of taste receptors (top and side of the tongue, roof of the mouth)
Receptor cells for kinesthesis (muscles, tendons and joints)
Chapter 6
Selective attention
Vision – dominant sense
Gestalt psychologists (emphasized the “whole” structure over the parts)
Figure-ground perception
Visual cliff
Monocular cues
Binocular cues
Muller-Lyer illusion
Distortion Goggles activity ► perceptual adaptation
Perceptual Set
Context effects
Chapter 7
Behaviorists ignored the concept of consciousness.
Circadian Rhythms (24 hour cycles)
Sleep Stages and Brain Waves
- REM and NREM sleep.
Sleep disorders (i.e. insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea)
Freud and dream content
- Manifest content
- Latent content
Hypnosis (Posthypnotic amnesia and posthypnotic suggestion)
Drugs (See Chart in Text)
- tolerance
- withdrawal
Chapter 8
Classical Conditioning (UCS/UCR/CS/CR) – Pavlov
Operant Conditioning
- Schedules of reinforcement (FI,VI,FR,VR)
- Primary and Conditioned (secondary) reinforcers
- Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery
- Positive & Negative reinforcement and punishment
B.F. Skinner (“Skinner Box”) – Shaping
Albert Bandura – Bobo dolls, modeling
Chapter 9
Sensory memory, Short and Long Term Memory
Serial Position effect / Spacing effect
Mnemonics
Echoic – Iconic memory
Recall and Recognition
Retroactive and proactive interference
Chapter 10 / Thinking and Language
Mental Set
Heuristics (Representative and Availability)
Concepts
Prototype
Algorithms
Trial and Error
Functional fixedness
Confirmation bias
Belief perseverance
Overconfidence
The framing effect
Insight
Phoneme
Morpheme
Grammar
Syntax
Semantics
Stages of speech development
Linguistic determinism theory
Chapter 11 / Intelligence
Validity
Reliability
Standardization
Norms
IQ formula
Binet’s, Spearman’s, Gardner’s, and Sternberg’s theories on intelligence
The g factor
Factor analysis
Emotional intelligence
Aptitude and achievement tests
Weschler Intelligence Test and what it’s subtests are
Flynn effect
Differences between males and females on math, verbal and spatial abilities
Content validity
Predictive validity
Intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation (effects on creativity)
Chapter 12 / Motivation and Work
Instinct theory of motivation
Drive reduction theory of motivation
Arousal theory of motivation
Drive, a need, and an incentive
Maslow’s 5 levels of his hierarchy of needs
Homeostasis
Hunger (Ventromedial and Lateral Hypothalamus)
Anorexia and bulimia
Appetite hormones (i.e. Leptin, PYY, etc.)
Set Point
Master and Johnson’s sexual response cycle.
Achievement motivation
Motivation at work (job, career, and calling)
360 degree feedback
Task leadership
Industrial Organizational Psychology
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic motivation
Social vs task leadership
Theory X and Theory Y (see your class notes)
Chapter 13 / Emotion
James-Lange Theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
Schachter’s Two Factor Theory
Hormone’s that increase heart rate, blood pressure during emergencies
Physiological arousal and task performance (see chart in book)
Hemispheres responsible for happiness and disgust
Adaptation level phenomenon
Spillover effect
Emotions such as anger, happiness and fear
Collectivist vs. Individualist societies / emotions and expressing one’s self
Body language and hand gestures
Feel-good do-good phenomenon
Amygdala and emotions
Chapter 14 / Stress and Health
Health Psychology
Psychopharmacology
Stressors and Stress
Relaxation training
Biofeedback
Type A and Type B personalities
Stress and the immune system
T-Cells and B-Cells
General Adaptation Syndrome (3 stages)
Fight or flight
Internal vs. External locus of control
Learned helplessness
Heart disease, AIDS, etc.
Teratogens
Explanatory style (optimism vs pessimism)
Metabolic rate
Effects of Smoking
Obesity and diet
Chapter 15 / Personality
Psychoanalytic theory (Id, Ego, Superego; Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious)
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent and Genital stages
Oedipus complex and Electra complex
All of the defense mechanisms!!!!!
Free association
Projective tests (Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Tests)
Personality tests (MMPI-II and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator)
Hypnosis
Fixation
Carl Jung (Collective Unconscious, Archetypes, Persona)
Neo-Freudians (Horney, Adler, and Erikson)
Inferiority complex
Trait Theorists (Allport, Eyesenck) and Big Five Theory
Humanists like Rogers and Maslow!!!!!!!!!! (Client-centered therapy, free will, active listening, selfactualization and ideal self)
Barnum Effect
Self esteem
Self-serving bias
Reciprocal determinism
Internal vs External Locus of Control
Spotlight Effect
Chapter 16 / Psychological Disorders
Criteria for psychological disorders (i.e. deviant, distressful, etc.)
DSM-IV manual
Medical model
Bio-Psycho-Social Model
Anxiety disorders (GAD, phobias, panic disorders, OCD)…compulsions and obsessions
Dissociative disorders (DID, Psychogenic fugue, etc.)
Mood disorders (Dysthymic disorder, major depression, bipolar disorder)
Schizophrenia and it’s symptoms, causes.
Personality disorders (know all the types!!)
Chapter 17 / Therapy
Psychodynamic approach (free association, transference, resistance)
Eclectic approach
Psychoanalytic
Behavioral approach (Counter-conditioning, systematic desensitization, virtual reality exposure therapy,
token economy, aversive conditioning)
Humanistic approach (Client centered therapy, self awareness, active listening, unconditional positive
regard)
Cognitive therapies
Group and family therapies
Regression towards the mean
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
Light exposure therapy (Seasonal Affective Disorder)
Drug Therapies (Know the various drugs / i.e. antidepressants, etc)
ECT (Electroconvulsive therapy) for major depression
Lobotomy or Psychosurgery
Chapter 18 / Social Psychology
Attribution theory and the fundamental attribution error
Actions and attitudes (how they influence one another)
Cognitive dissonance Theory
Asch’s, Milgram’s and Zimbardo’s studies (conformity, obedience, and the influence of roles)
Social facilitation
Social loafing
Deindividuation
Group polarization
Group think
In group bias
Prejudice
Superordinate goals
Just-world phenomenon
Aggression and factors leading to it
Mere exposure effect
Social traps
Attraction (factors leading to it)
Passionate and Companionate love
Altruism and the bystander effect
Reciprocity norm
Social exchange theory
social responsibility norm
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon