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CYTOPLASMIC REGION Definition Semifluid medium occupying the volume between the nuclear region and the cell membrane containing cellular organelles, molecules & ions. CYTOPLASMIC REGION Cytoskeleton Definition Protein filaments extending from the nucleus to the plasma membrane. CYTOPLASMIC REGION Cytoskeleton Microtubules Structure Tubulin Protein Purpose Influence cell shape Chromosomal movement Cell movement CYTOSKELETON CYTOPLASMIC REGION Cytoskeleton Microfilament Structure Actin Protein Subunits Purpose Maintain cell shape Anchor membrane proteins Cell division Muscle contraction CYTOPLASMIC REGION Cytoskeleton Intermediate filaments Structure Protein polymers Purpose Membrane support Organelle support Cell strength CYTOPLASMIC REGION Organelles Definition Specialized compartments in cells. Purpose Metabolic activity CYTOPLASMIC REGION Ribosomes Definition Organelles doing protein synthesis Structure Two subunits of proteins and RNA assembled by the nucleolus. Function Synthesis of the primary amino acid sequence. ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure Membranous channels and saccules studded with ribosomes. Function Formation of 2o, 3o protein shape. Attachment of identification oligosaccharide (glycoprotein) Form protein-filled transport vesicles Fig. 3.5c ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM Smooth ER Structure Membranous channels and saccules without ribosomes Function Synthesis of lipids Detoxification of drugs & alcohol Form lipid-filled transport vesicles Peroxisome formation ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM Golgi Bodies Structure Stack of curved, flattened saccules Function Protein modification Protein packaging into vesicles . Vesicles for exocytosis . Lysosome formation ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM Lysosome Structure Membrane-bound vesicles filled with hydrolytic-digestive enzymes. Function Digest materials taken in by endocytosis Destroy nonfunctional organelles ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM Peroxisome Structure Membrane-bound vesicle filled with enzymes Functions Lipid digestion H2O2 detoxification Alcohol detoxification. ENERGY-RELATED ORGANELLE Mitochondria Structure Two membranes enclosing a semifluid matrix containing DNA and ribosomes. Function Produce ATP NUCLEAR REGION Nucleus Structure Double membrane (nuclear envelope) organelle with nuclear pores enclosing DNA and a nucleolus. Function Directs all cellular activity Stores all hereditary information Fig. 3.4a
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