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Ecology • Ecology • is the study of the interactions among living things, and between living things and their surroundings/environment. An organism is an individual living thing, such as an alligator. Organism Organism A population is a group of the same species that lives in one area. Population Population Organism Organism A community is a group of different species that live together in one area. Community Community Population Population Organism Organism An ecosystem includes all of the organisms as well as the climate, soil, water, rocks and other nonliving things in a given area. Ecosystem Ecosystem Community Community Population Population Organism Organism A biome is a major regional or global community of organisms characterized by the climate conditions and plant communities that thrive there. Biome Ecosystem Ecosystem Community Community Population Population Organism Organism Biomes Ecology • Ecological Research Consists Of: • 1. Observations • Direct • Indirect • 2. Experiments • Lab • Field • 3. Modeling • Making predictions • Ex: Computer Models An ecosystem includes both biotic and abiotic factors. • Biotic factors • are living things. • • • • plants animals fungi bacteria • Abiotic factors • are nonliving things. – – – – – moisture temperature wind sunlight soil sunlight moisture Changing one factor in an ecosystem can affect many other factors. • Biodiversity • is the assortment, or variety, of living things in an ecosystem. • Where is biodiversity the greatest? • Rainforests • A keystone species • is a species that has an unusually large effect on its ecosystem. keystone • Keystone species form and maintain a complex web of life. creation of wetland ecosystem increased waterfowl Population keystone species increased fish population nesting sites for birds Random Sampling Activity • Random Sampling of a Big Bluestem Plot, 49m2 • Estimate vs. Actual • Accurate? • Potential Errors? Population Problem #1 • A scientist uses a quadrat of 2m2 to estimate the population of daisies in a field. She counts 173 individuals in 15 quadrats. The total area of the field of 250m2 • • • • • • Total Population Estimate = NA N = Total Number of Individuals/Number of Quadrats N = 173/15 = 11.53 A = Total Area/Area of Quadrat A = 250/2 = 125 T = 11.53 x 125 = 1441.67 Population Problem #2 • A scientist uses a 0.25m2 quadrat to sample a population of dandelions in a garden that is 500m2. The number of dandelions counted in 10 quadrats is 63. • • • • • • Total Population Estimate = NA N = Total Number of Individuals/Number of Quadrats N = 63/10 = 6.3 A = Total Area/Area of Quadrat A = 500/0.25 = 2000 T = 6.3 x 2000= 12,600 Homework • 1. Read 382-387 • 2. Kelp Forest Reading • 3. Mark-Recapture Pre-AP Activity