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Annex 1 Tabulated data
Table 1 Target nutrient specification for an organic layer rations (g/kg)
Nutrient
Target specification (g/kg)
Dry matter
Crude protein
170.0 – 220.0
Lysine
8.6 – 9.1
Methionine
4.1 – 4.3
Methionine + cystine
Tryptophan
2.1 - 2.3
Crude fibre
Oil (acid)
20.0 – 60.0
Linoleic acid
17.5<
Total ash
Calcium
41.0 – 43.0
Total phosphorus
<5.5
Available phosphorus
3.4 – 3.6
Sodium
1.7 – 1.9
Potassium
2.0<
Chloride
1.8 – 2.3
ME (MJ/kg)
11.70 – 11.90
Source: Defra-funded project OF0327
www.defra.gov.uk/science/project_data/DocumentLibrary/OF0327/OF0327%5F3027
%5FFRP%2Edoc).
Table 2 Cost of ‘typical’ organic ingredients in organic layer rations
(autumn 2006) (£/t)
Ingredients
Cost (£/t)
Wheat
170 - 180
Maize
180
Full-fat soya
330 – 345
Maize gluten meal
480
Peas
180 – 220
Beans
180 – 220
Sunflowers
200 – 210
Limestone
76
Mineral and vitamin
400
supplement
Dicalcium phosphate
400
Salt
90
Sodium bicarbonate
210
Source: ADAS
1
Defra-funded project OF0357
Table 3 Metabolisable energy (ME) value (MJ/kg DM) and contents of protein, fat, ash and fibre in insect meals, earthworm meals and snail
meal (g/kg DM)
Meal
Dry matter
ME value
Crude
Total fat
Ash
Crude fibre
Reference
(%)
(MJ/kg DM)
protein
(g/kg DM)
(g/kg DM)
(g/kg DM)
content
(g/kg DM)
Housefly larvae meal
600
190
70
Ravindran and Blair (1993)
Housefly pupae meal
10.47
630
150
50
Ravindran and Blair (1993)
citing Calvert et al., (1969)
Housefly pupae meal
961
657
161
55
Calvert et al., (1971)
Soldier fly pupae meal
420
350
140
70
Ravindran and Blair (1993)
Silk worm pupae meal
12.14
480
270
50
30
Ravindran and Blair (1993)
Bee meal
10.47
608
80
Ravindran and Blair (1993)
Mormon cricket meal
580
160
60
60
Ravindran and Blair (1993)
Grasshopper meal
11.30
760
80
50
50
Ravindran and Blair (1993)
Snail meal
14.23
600
60
100
40
Ravindran and Blair (1993)
Earthworm meal
10.05
680
90
50
30
Ravindran and Blair (1993)
Earthworm meal
Fisher (1988)
(E. foetida, oven dried)
926
655
75
108
Earthworm meal
Fisher (1988)
(E. foetida, freeze dried)
899
627
96
62
Earthworm meal
Fisher (1988)
(L. terrestris, oven dried)
938
594
43
212
Earthworm meal
Fisher (1988)
(L. terrestris, freeze dried)
934
551
37
245
Earthworm meal
Fisher (1988)
(L. terrestris, oven dried)
966
723
79
55
Earthworm meal
Zhenjun et al., (1997)
(E. Foetida)
906
12.52
546
73
212
-
2
Defra-funded project OF0357
Table 4 Amino acid contents of insect meals, earthworm meal and snail meal (g/100g protein)
Meal
Content (g/100g protein)
Arg1
Cys1
Gly1
His1
Ile1
Leu1
Lys1
Met1
Phe1
Housefly
3.6
1.0
3.6
2.3
3.1
5.7
5.9
2.3
5.8
larvae
meal
Housefly
4.8
0.4
3.8
2.8
3.6
5.4
5.8
2.6
4.6
pupae
meal
Soldier
5.3
1.5
7.0
4.6
4.8
8.4
8.2
2.2
5.3
fly
pupae
meal
Silk
5.5
1.1
4.6
2.4
4.0
6.9
6.8
2.9
3.8
worm
pupae
meal
Bee
3.5
1.0
5.4
1.5
3.9
6.3
4.9
1.6
2.6
meal
Mormon
4.5
1.4
5.5
3.3
5.3
8.6
6.2
1.3
2.8
cricket
meal
Grass3.7
0.5
4.7
1.6
2.9
5.6
5.8
1.0
2.3
hopper
meal
Earth7.2
1.8
4.3
3.7
5.2
6.4
7.2
2.0
5.0
worm
meal
Snail
8.0
1.0
6.2
2.3
4.2
7.5
7.2
1.7
4.2
meal
1
See Table 5 for explanation of amino acid acronyms
3
Reference
Thr1
3.5
Trp1
-
Tyr1
8.9
Val1
3.8
3.4
-
5.6
3.9
Ravindran and
Blair (1993)
1.3
0.5
6.0
8.2
Ravindran and
Blair (1993)
4.7
1.4
6.0
5.2
Ravindran and
Blair (1993)
2.9
-
2.6
5.1
4.8
0.5
6.2
6.0
Ravindran and
Blair (1993)
Ravindran and
Blair (1993)
2.4
1.5
3.9
4.3
Ravindran and
Blair (1993)
6.1
2.1
4.6
4.3
Ravindran and
Blair (1993)
4.6
1.4
3.9
5.1
Ravindran and
Blair (1993)
Ravindran and
Blair (1993)
Defra-funded project OF0357
Table 5 Names and chemical structures of 22 commonly found amino acids
Abbreviation
Amino acid
Ala
Alanine
Arg
Arginine
Asn
Asparagine
Asp
Aspartic acid
Cys
Cystine
Glu
Glutamic acid
Gln
Glutamine
Gly
Glycine
His
Histidine
Ile
Isoleucine
Leu
Leucine
Lys
Lysine
Met
Methionine
Phe
Phenylalanine
Pro
Proline
Ser
Serine
Thr
Threonine
Trp
Tryptophan
Tyr
Tyrosine
Val
Valine
Lehninger et al., (1993)
4
Defra-funded project OF0357
Table 6 Typical amino acid composition of earthworm meal (g/16g N) and expressed relative to chick requirements (lysine = 100)
Meal
Content (g/16 g N)
Arg1
Cys1
Gly1
His1
Ile1
Leu1
Lys1
Met1
Phe1
Thr1
Trp1
Tyr1
Typical values
6.8
1.5
4.4
3.2
Relative to
chick
88
632
983
106
requirements
1
See Table 5 for explanation of amino acid acronyms
2
Met plus Cys
3
Gly plus Ser
4
Phe plus Tyr
Source: Fisher (1988)
Val1
4.5
8.1
7.3
2.1
4.1
5.1
1.4
3.9
5.3
85
89
(100)
64
90
109
111
874
92
5
Defra-funded project OF0357
Table 7 Summary of feeding studies on earthworm meal and house fly pupae meal in chickens
Ingredient
Maximum dietary concentration
Class of chickens
Comments
(g/kg)
Earthworm meal
72
Young White
Concentrations of 144 g/kg and
(EM)
Leghorn cockerel
215 g/kg reduced live weight
chicks
gain and feed conversion
efficiency (FCE). Nonsignificant effect of high EM
concentrations on feed intake.
Palatability problem in young
chickens at high concentrations.
Earthworm meal
EM can be used to replace
Laying hens
Care must be taken to balance
(EM)
fishmeal.
the dietary Ca, P and vitamin D
concentrations.
Earthworm meal
(EM)
House fly pupae
meal (HFPM)
House fly pupae
meal (HFPM)
EM can be used to replace
fishmeal. Concentrations up to 60
g/kg.
Diluted with cellulose to equalise
the crude protein content of HFPM
with soya bean meal (SBM), fed at
a concentration of
110 g/kg as a complete
replacement for the SBM
component of the diet. SBM
accounted for 48% of the crude
protein content of the diet.
Fed HFPM at a concentration of
300 g/kg as a complete
replacement for the SBM
component of the diet
Reference
Fisher (1988)
Japanese quail
No effect on growth or egg
production.
Mekada et al.,
(1979 cited by
Ravindran and
Blair, 1993)
Das and Dash
(1989)
Young White
Leghorn cockerel
chicks
Performance equal to chicks fed
SBM
Calvert et al.,
(1969)
Young White
Leghorn cockerel
chicks
Performance equal to chicks fed
SBM
Teotia and Miller
(1974)
6
Defra-funded project OF0357
Table 8 Chemical composition (g/kg DM), ME value (MJ/kg) and protein absorbability (%) of assayed algal meal
Item
Chlorella meal1
Chlorella meal2
Micractinium
Micractinium
meal2
meal3
(g/kg DM)
(g/kg DM)
(g/kg DM)
(g/kg DM)
Total protein (N x 6.25)
630.0
395.0
391.0
380.0
Total lipid
76.2
46.0
38.0
49.0
Fibre
24.1
5.0
7.0
10.0
Dry matter
911.0
Phosphorus
12.8
30.0
21.0
21.9
Calcium
2.2
6.7
7.7
6.5
Aluminium
39.0
49.0
53.0
Protein absorption (%)
80.7
68.2
80.4
ME (MJ/kg)
11.6
9.6
7.5
1
Lipstein and Hurwitz (1980)
2
Lipstein and Hurwitz (1983)
3
Lipstein and Hurwitz (1981)
7
Defra-funded project OF0357
Table 9 Amino acid composition of Chlorella meal and Micractinium meal (g/16 g N)
Amino acid
Chlorella meal2
Chlorella meal3
Micractinium
Micractinium
meal3
meal4
1
Arg
6.18
5.19
5.08
5.89
1
Lys
5.86
5.26
4.88
5.55
Met1
1.97
1.89
1.79
1.59
Cys1
0.29
0.60
1.23
1.16
His1
1.91
1.77
1.60
2.12
1
Leu
7.53
6.91
6.85
7.29
Ile1
3.98
4.00
3.99
4.08
Phe1
4.40
4.38
4.68
5.50
1
Tyr
3.76
3.39
3.53
3.55
Thr1
4.70
4.58
4.83
5.45
Val1
5.36
5.42
5.44
5.81
Gly1
5.03
4.78
4.65
5.53
1
See Table 5 for explanation of amino acid acronyms
2
Lipstein and Hurwitz (1980)
3
Lipstein and Hurwitz (1983)
4
Lipstein and Hurwitz (1981)
8
Defra-funded project OF0357
Table 10 Amino acid composition of air-dried Spirulina (g/16g N)
Amino acid
Spirulina
1
Asp
9.46
Arg1
6.61
Ala1
7.40
Lys1
4.65
1
Met
2.75
Cys1
0.43
His1
1.95
1
Leu
8.66
Ile1
5.73
Phe1
4.31
1
Tyr
4.45
Pro1
3.56
Thr1
4.93
Trp1
1.50
1
Val
6.31
Glu1
14.99
Gly1
5.01
1
Ser
4.78
1
See Table 5 for explanation of amino acid acronyms
Source: Yoshida and Hoshii (1980)
9
Defra-funded project OF0357
Table 11A Summary of feeding studies on algae meal in poultry
Ingredient
Maximum dietary concentration (g/kg)
Class of chickens
Chlorella meal
Study 1 - Up to 150 g/kg CM, used as a
Study 1 - Broiler
(CM)
partial replacement for fishmeal and
chicks
SBM.
Study 2 – 125 g/kg CM, used to fully
Study 2 - Broiler
replace fishmeal and partially replace
chicks
SBM.
Chlorella meal
(CM)
Micractinium
meal (MM) –
Alum flocculated
Study 3 – 150 g/kg CM, used to fully
replace fishmeal and partially replace
SBM.
Up to 120 g/kg CM, used to
increasingly replace SBM.
Study 3 – Broilers
(fed from 8 to 56
days)
Laying hens
Study 1 - Up to 90 g/kg MM used to
partially replace sorghum.
Study 1 – Broilers
aged 7 to 49 days
Study 2 – Up to 150 g/kg MM used.
Study 2 – Laying
hens from peak of
lay for 78 days
10
Comments
Study 1 – Diets supplemented
with methionine. Performance
similar to chicks fed 0 g/kg CM.
Study 2 – Non significant
reduction in live weight gain and
feed conversion efficiency (FCE)
without supplementary arginine.
Study 3 – CM reduced feed
intake, live weight gain and FCE
to 56 days of age.
No adverse effects on egg
production, egg weight, feed
intake, FCE or egg shell quality.
Yolk colour increased.
Study 1 – Dicalcium phosphate
added to the diets containing
Micractinium meal so as to
alleviate the effects of high
dietary aluminum contents on P
availability. MM reduced live
weight gain to 21 days. Nonsignificant reduction in live
weight gain during the finisher
period when feeding more than
60 g/kg MM.
Study 2 – Egg mass output
reduced by feeding increasing
dietary concentrations of alum
flocculated MM. FCE tended to
be improved.
Reference
Lipstein and
Hurwitz (1980)
Lipstein et al.,
(1980)
Lipstein and
Hurwitz (1981)
Defra-funded project OF0357
Table 11B Summary of feeding studies on algae in poultry
Ingredient
Maximum dietary concentration (g/kg)
Chlorella meal
Fed separately both at 0 g/kg, 50 g/kg
(CM) and
and 100 g/kg as partial replacements
Micractinium
for SBM and sorghum
meal (MM) –
alum flocculated
Class of chickens
Broilers aged 7 to 28
days
Spirulina meal
Fed up to 300 g/kg Spirulina meal
Broilers
Spirulina meal
Fed up to 166 g/kg Spirulina meal used
as a replacement for groundnut meal
Broilers aged 1 to 42
days
11
Comments
High dietary aluminum
concentrations in diets
containing algae. No significant
reduction in live weight gain or
FCE when feeding algae. Trend
for higher feed intakes with
increasing concentrations of MM
and this tended to reduce FCE.
The latter was probably due to
over estimating the ME value of
MM.
Reduced live weight gain and
FCEs with increasing dietary
concentrations of Spirulina meal
Live weight gain was better in
birds fed 111 g/kg and 166 g/kg
Spirulina meal, than in birds fed
0 g/kg and 56 g/kg Spirulina
meal. Neither feed intake or
FCE were significantly affected
by feeding Spirulina meal.
Reference
Lipstein and
Hurwitz (1983)
Yoshida and Hoshii
(1980)
Srivastava et al.,
(1982)
Defra-funded project OF0357
Table 11C Summary of feeding studies on algae in poultry
Ingredient
Maximum dietary concentration (g/kg)
Spirulina meal
Study 1 – fed up to 200 g/kg Spirulina
meal
Study 2 – fed up to 120 g/kg Spirulina
meal used to replace SBM
Spirulina meal
Class of chickens
Study 1 – White
leghorn cockerel
chicks from 0 to 21
days
Study 2 – Male
broiler chicks from 0
to 41 days
Study 3 – fed up to 120 g/kg Spirulina
meal
Study 3 - Japanese
quail during growth,
egg production,
breeding and the F1
generation
Fed up to 100 g/kg Spirulina meal
Laying hens
12
Comments
Study 1 - 200 g/kg Spirulina
meal reduced live weight gain to
21 days. No effect on FCE to
21 days.
Study 2 – Birds fed 120 g/kg
Spirulina meal had lower live
weights at 41 days than birds
fed 0 g/kg, 15 g/kg, 30 g/kg or
60 g/kg Spirulina meal. FCEs
not affected by feeding Spirulina
meal.
Study 3 – live weight gain and
feed intakes to 5 weeks of age
similar irrespective of dietary
Spirulina meal concentration.
No adverse effects of feeding
high concentrations of Spirulina
meal on egg production, egg
weight or feed intake. Yolk
colour increased.
Fertility was higher in birds fed
Spirulina meal but this did not
increase the % hatchability. No
effect of feeding Spirulina meal
to the parent flock on the
performance of the F1
generation.
Review paper suggests no
adverse effects when feeding up
to 100 g/kg Spirulina meal.
Reference
Ross and Dominy
(1990)
Belay et al., (1996)
Defra-funded project OF0357
Table 12 Amino acid composition of dried, sewage-grown Lemna gibba (g/kg)
Amino acid
L. gibba
1
Arg
26.4
Lys1
24.2
Met1
5.8
Met1 + Cys1
12.8
His1
8.3
Leu1
22.9
Ile1
18.0
1
Phe
10.2
Phe1 + Tyr1
22.7
Thr1
16.0
1
Trp
5.6
Val1
33.0
Gly1
28.1
Gly1 + Ser1
43.9
1
See Table 5 for explanation of amino acid acronyms
Source: Haustein et al., (1994)
13
Defra-funded project OF0357
Table 13 Summary of feeding studies on Lemna in chickens
Ingredient
Maximum dietary concentration
Class of chickens
(g/kg)
L. gibba
150 g/kg
HyLine Leghorn
(Duckweed)
but can be up to 400 g/kg
hens
L. gibba
(Duckweed)
150 g/kg
Broiler chickens
14
Comments
Reference
150 g/kg L. gibba maintained
egg production and egg weight,
and increased the protein
content of the egg and
enhanced flavour. Yolk colour
increased.
400 g/kg L. gibba maintained
rate of egg production and egg
weight but produced bulky, wet
droppings. Yolk colour
increased.
150 g/kg L. gibba produced
similar live weight gains as birds
fed a control diet (0 g/kg L.
gibba). 250 g/kg L. gibba
reduced feed intake and live
weight gain compared with
control birds.
5 g/kg L. gibba produced birds
with pigmented skin at
depopulation
Haustein et al.,
(1990)
Haustein et al.,
(1994)
Defra-funded project OF0357
Table 14 Compositions of novel rations for organic laying hens (g/kg)
Ingredient
Simulated diet
Fly pupae meal 1
Fly pupae meal 2
Earthworm meal 1
Concentration (g/kg)
Fly pupae meal
100.0
90.0
Earthworm meal
70.0
Chlorella meal
Lemna meal
Spirulina meal
Wheat (110 g/kg crude protein)
480.0
419.0
460.0
Maize
200.0
Soya full-fat supa soy
210.0
110.0
200.0
Peas
98.0
153.0
Beans
Maize gluten 60/2
Sunflower meal
80.0
Dicalcium phosphate
8.0
6.0
8.0
Limestone
95.0
88.0
95.0
Sodium bicarbonate
2.0
1.0
2.0
Salt
2.0
1.0
2.0
Mineral and vitamin supplement
5.0
5.0
5.0
Source: ADAS
15
Earthworm meal 2
70.0
367.0
100.0
160.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
8.0
90.0
5.0
Defra-funded project OF0357
Table 14A Compositions of novel rations for organic laying hens (g/kg)
Ingredient
Simulated diet
Chlorella meal 1
Chlorella meal 2
Chlorella meal + fly
pupae meal
Concentration (g/kg)
Fly pupae meal
80.0
Earthworm meal
Chlorella meal
100.0
100.0
80.0
Lemna meal
Spirulina meal
Wheat (110 g/kg crude protein)
497.0
333.0
393.0
Maize
0.0
200.0
210.0
Soya full-fat supa soy
200.0
140.0
60.0
Peas
100.0
Beans
Maize gluten 60/2
40.0
Sunflower meal
90.0
80.0
Dicalcium phosphate
1.0
2.0
Limestone
95.0
88.0
90.0
Sodium bicarbonate
1.0
1.0
1.0
Salt
1.0
2.0
1.0
Mineral and vitamin supplement
5.0
5.0
5.0
Source: ADAS
16
Chlorella meal +
earthworm meal
70.0
70.0
374.5
216.0
77.0
92.0
2.0
90.0
2.0
1.5
5.0
Defra-funded project OF0357
Table 14B Compositions of novel rations for organic laying hens (g/kg)
Ingredient
Spirulina meal 1
Fly pupae meal
Earthworm meal
Chlorella meal
Lemna meal
Spirulina meal
Wheat (110 g/kg crude protein)
Maize
Soya full-fat supa soy
Peas
Bean
Maize gluten 60/2
Sunflower meal
Dicalcium phosphate
Limestone
Sodium bicarbonate
Salt
Mineral and vitamin supplement
Source: ADAS
120.0
468.0
200.0
100.0
8.0
95.0
2.0
2.0
5.0
17
Simulated diet
Spirulina meal 2
Concentration (g/kg)
100.0
315.0
100.0
180.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
7.0
90.0
1.0
2.0
5.0
Spirulina meal 3
100.0
389.5
150.0
160.0
100.0
7.0
85.0
2.5
1.0
5.0
Defra-funded project OF0357
Table 14C Compositions of novel rations for organic laying hens (g/kg)
Ingredient
Simulated diet
Lemna meal 1
Lemna meal 2
Concentration (g/kg)
Fly pupae meal
Earthworm meal
Chlorella meal
Lemna meal
120.0
120.0
Spirulina meal
Wheat (110 g/kg crude protein)
472.0
349.0
Maize
0.0
150.0
Soya full-fat supa soy
210.0
185.0
Peas
90.0
Beans
Maize gluten 60/2
Sunflower meal
100.0
Dicalcium phosphate
6.0
5.0
Limestone
95.0
82.0
Sodium bicarbonate
1.0
3.0
Salt
1.0
1.0
Mineral and vitamin supplement
5.0
5.0
Source: ADAS
18
Defra-funded project OF0357
Table 15 Composition of layer 2 ration for organic hens (g/kg)
Ingredient
Concentration (g/kg)
Wheat (110 g/kg crude protein)
538.0
Soya full-fat supa soy
200.0
Maize gluten 60/2
70.0
Sunflower meal
80.0
Dicalcium phosphate
10.0
Limestone
92.0
Sodium bicarbonate
2.75
Salt
2.25
Mineral and vitamin supplement
5.0
Notes: Non-organic sources of maize gluten 60/2 and sunflower meal were assumed,
comprising 15% of the ration. At the time of the study, derogation allowed up to 20%
organic.
Source: ADAS
Table 16 Calculated nutrient content (as-fed basis) of layer 2 ration for organic
free range hens (g/kg)
Nutrient
Concentration
(g/kg)
Dry matter
879.2
Crude protein
199.3
Lysine
8.6
Methionine
4.2
Methionine + cystine
7.4
Tryptophan
2.2
Crude fibre
43.5
Oil (acid)
50.4
Linoleic acid
26.8
Total ash
137.3
Calcium
44.6
Total phosphorus
5.3
Available phosphorus
3.6
Sodium
2.2
Potassium
7.1
Chloride
2.3
ME (MJ/kg)
11.67
Note: values given in bold italic either fall outside the target range for a nutrient or
energy value.
Source: ADAS
19
Defra-funded project OF0357
Table 17 Calculated nutrient content (as-fed basis) of novel rations for organic laying hens (g/kg)
Nutrient
Simulated diet
Fly pupae meal 2
Earthworm meal 1
Earthworm meal 2
Crude protein
190.1
200.9
Lysine
9.1
11.4
Methionine
4.2
4.0
Tryptophan
4.7
4.4
Calcium
40.7
42.4
Total phosphorus
5.1
5.1
Available phosphorus
3.4
3.4
Sodium
1.8
2.3
Potassium
6.1
6.7
Chloride
2.2
3.2
ME (MJ/kg)
11.5
11.4
Note: values given in bold italic either fall outside the target range for a nutrient or energy value
Source: ADAS
20
225.8
11.1
4.1
4.6
41.6
5.1
3.6
0.6
6.1
1.1
11.7
Chlorella meal 1
184.2
9.3
3.2
2.9
39.1
5.2
3.4
1.2
6.3
1.9
11.2
Defra-funded project OF0357
Table 17B Calculated nutrient content (as-fed basis) of novel rations for organic laying hens (g/kg)
Nutrient
Simulated diet
Spirulina meal 1
Spirulina meal 2
Concentration (g/kg)
Crude protein
224
250
Lysine
9.4
9.9
Methionine
4.1
4.2
Tryptophan
2.8
3.0
Calcium
41.3
40.3
Total phosphorus
5.0
5.0
Available phosphorus
3.6
3.5
Sodium
2.4
1.7
Potassium
7.9
7.6
Chloride
3.7
2.3
ME (MJ/kg)
11.3
11.5
Note: values given in bold italic either fall outside the target range for a nutrient or energy value
Source: ADAS
21
Spirulina meal 3
220
8.7
4.1
2.9
40.5
5.3
3.5
1.8
7.1
2.2
11.5
Defra-funded project OF0357
Table 17C Calculated nutrient content (as-fed basis) of novel rations for organic laying hens (g/kg)
Nutrient
Simulated diet
Lemna meal 1
Lemna meal 2
Concentration (g/kg)
Crude protein
188.3
200.1
Lysine
9.2
9.3
Methionine
3.6
4.4
Tryptophan
1.8
2.1
Calcium
41.0
40.2
Total phosphorus
6.4
6.1
Available phosphorus
3.5
3.5
Sodium
2.0
2.4
Potassium
8.7
8.4
Chloride
2.5
2.3
ME (MJ/kg)
11.4
11.5
Note: values given in bold italic either fall outside the target range for a nutrient or energy value
Source: ADAS
22
Defra-funded project OF0357
Table 18 Microbiological analysis of sewage-grown, sun-dried S. platensis
Criterion
3 x 105 a
Aerobic colony count at 37C cfu/g
6 x 105 b
Anaerobic colony count at 37C cfu/g
7 x 103
Moulds: colony count at 25C cfu/g
Clostridium perfringens cfu/g
<1x 102 c
Bacillus cereus cfu/g
<1x 102 c
Total Enterobacteriaceae cfu/g
<1x 102 c
Escherichia coli type 1 MPN/g
0.4
Presumptive faecal streptococci cfu/g
2 x 105
Salmonella in 50 g
Not detected
Shigellae in 50 g
Not detected
Vibrio chlorerae or other Vibrio sp. in 100 g Not detected
Aeromonas in 0.1 g
Not detected
a
Predominantly Bacillus sp.
b
Predominantly catalase-negative cocci, possibly faecal cocci
c
other Clostridium sp. present in 0.001 g sample
cfu = colony forming units
MPN = most probable number
Source: Saxena et al., (1983)
Table 19 Fatty acid composition of dried ground house fly pupae meal (% of total fat
content)
Fatty acid
% of total fat content
Lauric
0.6
Myristic
3.2
Palmitic
27.6
Palmitoleic
20.6
Stearic
2.2
Oleic
18.3
Linoleic
14.9
Linolenic
2.1
Unidentified
10.5
Source: Calvert et al., (1971)
23
Defra-funded project OF0357
Table 20 Fatty acid composition of Chlorella meal and Micractinium meal (% of total
fat content)
Fatty acid
% of total fat content
Chlorella meal1
Micractinium meal2
Palmitic (C16:0)
20.5
22.8
Palmitoleic (C16:1)
10.9
15.7
Unidentified (tentative
suggestion C17:1)
9.2
2.4
Stearic (C18:0)
4.7
10.9
Oleic (C18:1)
10.2
25.3
Linoleic (C18:2)
14.9
8.4
Linolenic (C18:3)
29.5
14.5
1
Lipstein and Hurwitz (1980)
2
Lipstein and Hurwitz (1981)
24
Defra-funded project OF0357