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LEGENDE lien hiérarchique (hyperonyme, hyponyme) lien partitif stockage de l’eau dans lien cause-effet lien effet-cause processus lien spatial lien temporel objet d’étude affectée par la présence d’hydrogène dans l’olivine polymorphe Les termes en rouge font l’objet d’une fiche courte dans le dictionnaire terminologique et les termes en bleu font l’objet d’une fiche longue. Les termes soulignés font l’objet d’une arborescence développée. Earth’s water budget: Earth’s water reservoir* external reservoir volatile components in the atmosphere oceans lakes external reservoir hydrosphere rivers water tables glaciers *Il peut s’agir à la fois d’un lien hiérarchique et d’un lien partitif car les réservoirs interne et externe sont deux types de réservoir mais on peut également dire que les réservoirs d’eau sur Terre se composent d’un réservoir interne et d’un réservoir externe. internal reservoir mantle crust + upper mantle core transition zone lower mantle lithosphere continental lithosphere sediments oceanic lithosphere •as a –OH radical minerals fluid •as H+ ion •as H2O mole nominally anhydrous minerals nominally hydrous minerals … serpentine garnet mica pyroxene … olivine periclase amphibole majorite orthopyroxene clinopyroxene ringwoodite wadsleyite Hydrogen’s entrance in the mantle hydrothermalism oceanic lithosphere hydration subduction hydrogen enters the mantle hydrogen ascent hydrogen injection into the internal reservoir hydrogen release at 150 km depth hydrogen diffusion in minerals diffusion of hydrogen in minerals nominally hydrous minerals nominally anhydrous minerals atomic diffusion ionic diffusion charge defect inclusion point defect ion H+ incorporates in charge defect fluid inclusion glass inclusion divalent cation substitutes for an hydrogen atom hydrogen atom associate with oxygen atom formation of an hydroxyl group charge defect associate with point defect ion H+ associates with oxygen atom formation of an hydroxyl group Special case: olivine hydrogen diffusion in olivine rock transformation metamorphism physical property of olivine tectonics phase equilibrium electrical conductivity dehydration metasomatism anisotropy equation of state Earth’s sciences … … geophysics internal geophysics tectonics geodynamics external geophysics geostatistics rheology deformation … seismology plate tectonics convection subduction magma genesis partial melting Effect of hydrogen diffusion in olivine on rheology hydrogen diffusion in olivine lower viscosity ductile deformation brittle deformation lithosphere fracture into plates plate tectonics fault creep fold shear zone Effect of hydrogen diffusion in olivine on partial melting hydrogen diffusion in olivine no hydrogen diffusion in olivine hydrous partial melting anhydrous partial melting magmas production dehydration of generated magmas volcanism magma eruption continental and oceanic crust formation pressure increase deep earthquake micro-earth quake permeability Effect of hydrogen diffusion in olivine on magma genesis hydrogen diffusion in olivine decrease of liquidus temperature and increase of solidus temperature rocks melting magma genesis ultramafic magma Effect of hydrogen diffusion in olivine on convection hydrogen diffusion in olivine no hydrogen diffusion in olivine convection instabilities convection subduction subduction instabilities lithosphere does not cool the mantle sufficiently partial melting instabilities Reminder: plate tectonics convection convergence subduction collision orogeny orogeny + + oceanic trench divergence obduction mid-ocean ridge island arc + island arc transcurrence volcanism oceanic accretion continental rif fault Reminder: subduction 2 oceanic plates converge the heavier plate subducts lithosphere ingestion an oceanic plate and a continental plate converge oceanic plate subducts lithosphere ingestion partial melting partial melting magma genesis magma genesis a part of the magma remains in the asthenosphere island arc + orogeny + oceanic trench a part of the magma remains in the asthenosphere island arc + orogeny + oceanic trench
