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Welcome to BIO 110
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WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO STUDY LIFE
(AND HOW DO I KNOW IF I’M DOING IT?)
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Figure 1.2 Some properties of life
(a) Order
(b) Evolutionary
adaptation
(c) Response to the
environment
(e) Energy
processing
(d) Regulation
(f) Growth and
development
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(g) Reproduction
Figure 1.3 Exploring Levels of Biological Organization
1 The biosphere
2 Ecosystems
3 Communities
4 Populations
5 Organisms
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9 Organelles
1 µm
Cell
8 Cells
Atoms
10 µm
7 Tissues
50 µm
6 Organs and organ systems
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10 Molecules
Figure 1.14 Classifying life
Species Genus Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Ursus
americanus
(American
black bear)
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
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Kingdom
Domain
Figure 1.15 Exploring Life’s Three Domains
Bacteria are the most diverse
4 µm
and widespread prokaryotes,
and are now divided among multiple
kingdoms. Each of the rod-shaped
structures in this photo is a bacterial cell.
Many of the prokaryotes known
0.5 µm
as archaea live in Earth‘s
extreme environments, such as salty lakes
and boiling hot springs. Domain Archaea
includes multiple kingdoms. The photo
shows a colony composed of many cells.
Protists (multiple kingdoms)
100 µm
are unicellular eukaryotes and
their relatively simple multicellular relatives.
Pictured here is an assortment of protists
inhabiting pond water. Scientists are currently
debating how to split the protists
into several kingdoms that better represent
evolution and diversity.
Kindom Fungi is defined in part by the
nutritional mode of its members, such
as this mushroom, which absorbs
nutrients after decomposing organic
material.
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Kingdom Plantae consists of
multicellular eukaryotes that carry
out photosynthesis, the conversion
of light energy to food.
Kindom Animalia consists of
multicellular eukaryotes that
ingest other organisms.
Figure 1.4 Basic scheme for energy flow through an ecosystem
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Producers
(plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms)
Heat
Chemical
energy
Consumers
(including animals)
Heat
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Figure 1.6 Inherited DNA directs development
of an organism
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Egg cell
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
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Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
Figure 1.7 DNA: The genetic material
Nucleus
DNA
Cell
A
C
Nucleotide
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(a) DNA double helix. This model shows
each atom in a segment of DNA. Made
up of two long chains of building
blocks called nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the three-dimensional
form of a double helix.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and
letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a
small section of one chain of a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences
of the four types of nucleotides (their names are
abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).
Figure 1.8 Contrasting eukaryotic and prokaryotic
cells in size and complexity
EUKARYOTIC CELL
Membrane
PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
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1 µm
Figure 1.9 Modern biology as an information science
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Figure 1.16 An example of unity underlying the diversity
of life: the architecture of cilia in eukaryotes
15 µm
1.0 µm
Cilia of Paramecium.
The cilia of Paramecium
propel the cell through
pond water.
5 µm
Cross section of cilium, as viewed
with an electron microscope
Cilia of windpipe cells. The cells that line the human windpipe are
equipped with cilia that help keep the lungs clean by moving a
film of debris-trapping mucus upward.
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Figure 1.18 Charles Darwin in 1859, the year he
published The Origin of Species
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Figure 1.20 Summary of natural selection
Population
of organisms
Hereditary
variations
Overproduction
and struggle for
existence
Differences in
reproductive success
Evolution of adaptations
in the population
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Figure 1.21 Natural selection
1
Populations with varied inherited traits
2 Elimination of individuals with certain traits.
3 Reproduction of survivors.
4 Increasing frequency of traits that enhance
survival and reproductive success.
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Figure 1.22 Form fits function
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Figure 1.25 A campground example of hypothesisbased inquiry
Observations
Questions
Hypothesis # 1:
Dead batteries
Hypothesis # 2:
Burnt-out bulb
Prediction:
Replacing batteries
will fix problem
Prediction:
Replacing bulb
will fix problem
Test prediction
Test falsifies hypothesis
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Test prediction
Test does not falsify hypothesis
Inquiry: Does the presence of poisonous coral snakes affect
predation rates on their mimics, king snakes?
1. What was the observation on which this question is based?
2. State the most obvious hypothesis you would derive from this question
3. What is the dependent and what is the independent variable in this
hypothesis?
4. Design an experiment to test the hypothesis. What are hallmarks of a
well-designed experiment?
5. How would you determine if the experiment supported or refuted the
the hypothesis?
6. What’s the next step in the scientific method?
7. How does the scientific method differ from other modes of enquiry?
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CONCLUSION The field experiments support the mimicry hypothesis by not falsifying the
key prediction that imitation of coral snakes is only effective where coral snakes are
present. The experiments also tested an alternative hypothesis that predators generally
avoid all snakes with brightly colored rings, whether or not poisonous snakes with that
coloration live in the environment. That alternative hypothesis was falsified by the data
showing that the ringed coloration failed to repel predators where coral snakes were
absent.
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Figure 1.31 Science is a social process with societal relevance
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Figure 1.32 DNA technology and crime scene
investigation
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings