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Glossary Ch. 1 Statistics Individual variable categorical variable quantitative variable distribution center shape spread outlier skewness symmetry percentile frequency relative frequency cumulative frequency cumulative relative frequency mean median resistant quartile IQR variance standard deviation range degrees of freedom ogive Ch. 2 density curve CDF 68-95-99.7 Rule Normal distribution INVCDF standardized value explanatory variable response variable positive association negative association direction form(shape) strength correlation regression line mathematical model least squares regression coefficient of determination (r2) residual influential observations outlier (for regression) Ch. 3 Ch. 4 extrapolation causation lurking variables confounding common response marginal distribution Simpson=s paradox Two-way table Ch. 5 sample observational study voluntary response experiment population census experiment sampling frame design convenience sample bias SRS stratified sample strata multistage sample undercoverage non-response systematic sample observational study experimental unit subject factor level placebo effect control control group random haphazard completely randomized design response bias experiment treatment randomization replication hidden bias double-blind block design block matched pairs probability sample space event compliment disjoint independent union intersection joint probability simulation Ch. 6 conditional probability probability model Ch. 7 random variable discrete R.V. uniform distribution continuous R.V. probability distribution expected value Law of Large Numbers Ch. 8 Binomial distribution Bernoulli trial probability density function geometric distribution Ch. 9 parameter statistic sampling distribution sample proportion sampling variability variability unbiased estimator sample mean Central Limit Theorem Ch. 10 statistical inference confidence interval confidence level critical value test of significance null hypothesis test statistic P-Value significance level 1-sided test multiple analyses Type I error margin of error standard deviation of estimate alternative hypothesis statistically significant 2-sided test Type II error power of a test Ch. 13 goodness of fit Chi-square test for independence r X c table cell expected counts multi-sided test
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