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The Endocrine System
)
(Chapter 16)
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)
A. Compare the effects of the endocrille system and the nervous system.
(p. 605)
1. Neurological control - synaptic communication - crisis management
2. Hormonal control- long-term management of homeostatic
mechanisms and cyclic processes
B. Compare the structure of the exocrine and endocrine systems.
C. Cellular communications; contrast the differences between hormones,
autocrines, and paracrines. (p. 606)
1. Direct cellular communication occurs between two cells of the same
type. They must be in direct physical contact.
Examples:
a. gapjunctions: function by ions and molecules being
exchanged between adjacent cells through connexons.
Examples:
1) coordinate ciliary movement along the respiratory system's
epithelial lining.
2) coordinate contractions of cardiac muscle cells.
3) facilitate the propagation of action potentials from one neuron
to the next at electrical synapse.
2. Paracrine communication: chemicals called paracrines (local
hormones) are chemical messengers that transfer information from
cell to cell within a single organ, however, the cell types can be
different.
Examples:
a. prostaglandins
b. growth factor
D. Hormones
1. Describe the functions of hormones
2. Identify the major classes of hormones. (p. 606)
a. peptide - amino acid based hormones
b. steroids
.
c. eicosanoids (leukotrienes and prostaglandins-these two eicosanoid
are associated with allergic reactions and inflammation)
3. Describe how hormones effect cellular activity.
a. what is a target cell? (p. 610)
)
)
3. Parathyroid gland
a. structure and function
b. significant questions
1) what hormone does this gland produce?
2) What effect does this hormone have on blood chemistry?
3) How might hypoactivity of this gland effect your patient?
4. Pineal gland
a. location
b. hormone produced
c. effects of this hormone
)
5. Thymus gland
a. location
b. hormone produced
c. effects of this hormone
F. The following structures produce hormones. Each will be covered as the
organ system it is associated with is studied. (table 16.4)
1. Kidneys and adrenal glands (urinary system)
2. Pancreas (digestive system)
3. Male and female gonads (reproductive system)
4. Cardiac muscle (coronary system)
Note: A review of the cell (chapter 3) and the nervous system (chapter
11) would be very helpful!
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)
)
)
b. describe how hormonal stimuli produce changes in cells.
c. describe how a hormone communicates with target cells. (two
major methods)
4. Describe the mechanisms that control the release of hormones.
a. humoral stimuli
b. neural stimuli
c. hormonal stimuli
E. Major endocrine organs
1. Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland (hypophysis) (p. 612, fig. 16.6)
a. structure of both
b. describe the hypophyseal portal system
c. the effects of the hypothalamus on the pituitary gland.
d. Identify the hormones associated with the posterior lobe and know
their effects on the body. (table 16.1)
1) ADH
2) Oxytocin
e. Identify the hormones associated with the anterior lobe and know
their effects on the body. (table 16.1)
1) Growth hormone
2) Thyroid-stimulating hormone
3) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
4) Gonadotropins (FSH and Lh)
)
.
5) Prolactin
2. Thyroid gland (table 16.2)
a. structure and function
b. significant questions
1) which hormones does it produce?
2) what element is necessary for it to function properly?
3) if this element in not present in adequate amounts, what
condition may develop?
4) what is the difference between T4 and T3?
5) what function do C cells serve?
6) what effect does calcitonin have on the body? Describe the
symptoms that a patient might have if they were hypercalcemic
or hypocalcemic.
7. Explain cretinism and myxedema
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I
."OUIU 18-3 A Structural
Classificationof Hormones
HORMONES
Classified by chemical sfructure
/.
,
AMINOACli5 DERIVATIVES
smallmoleculessJ~ucturally
relatedto individualaminoacids
PEPTIDE H6RMONES
Chains of amino acids
\-4-'
-DERIVATIVEOF
DERIVATIVES
OF
.J .-.
TYROSINE
:::PT~~(.t~<
C-C-NH
~
I
o
CH
2
.,2
Melatonin
f1"'R'
I I
H-?-N-f.-CHa
H-C-H 0
,
)
0., H
Epinephrine
OHH
H
~
HO
-_
HO
' 1/
C- C-N
I
I
H H
Thyroxine
(T4)
I
HO
.
0
___
I
(Secreted by
adrenal medulla)
.
1 I
H H
I
SHORT PEPTIDES AND
SMALL PROTEINS
I
H H
I
H NH2 OH
1 1
C-C-C
1 I
'
I
H H
Hypothalamus
ADH, oxytocin, regulatory hormones
Pituitary gland
....
ACTH. growth hormone (GH), MSH, prolactin (PRL)
Pancreas
' 1 ~0
I
H NH2 OH
-e- 0 -.- C-C-C '
HO
I
2
~
1
(Secreted by
-hypothalamus)
GL YCOPROTEINS
_
Insulin, glucagon
Parathyroid gland
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
C cells of thyroid .
Calcitonin
Heart
(CT)
Atrial natriuretic
Pituitary gland
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Kidneys
~hrl"\pnH>tin
(FPO)~
Reproductive organs
!!!.hibin
)
-a~<=-
OH
e~nJa
HO
(Under 200 amino acids)
0
(T~
Triiodothyronine
Dopamine
H H
1 I
HO-A-cC-NH
HO
EXAMPLE:
Estradiol, an
_
Norepinephrine
OHH
1 1
HO---CC-N~
.,., 1 1
HO
H H
,..
-
~COOH
~CH3
OH
OH
(Secreted by J
pineal gland)
' CH3
Reproductive organs
Androgens
I:strogens'
Progestins
Adrenal cortex
Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Androgens
Kidneys
~
Calcitriol
Include:
Leukotrienes
Prostaglandins
Thromboxanes
Prostacyclins
EXAMPLE:
Prostaglandin E
o
H
H3C
- STEROID
HORMONES
Structurally
related to
cholesterol
Er~OSANOIDS
Lipid derivatives
of arachidonic
acid
peptide
Digestive tract
Hormones discussed
EXAMPLE:
Insulin
(ANP)
in Chapter 24
.
----
---
T-483
~
Figure 18-9 - PItuitaryHorm,on8s and TheirT....
.; .. '-'iKT"
~
~,~~-:.
.\'~.
ACTH
TSH
GH
PRL
FSH
LH
MSH
ADH
. ."ai_$~_i
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Growth hormone
Prolactin
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Antidiuretic hormone
.
':;."
\' .
Kidneys
Males: Smooth
muscle in ductus
deferens and
prostate gland
Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 6e
by Frederic Martini
@ 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
.