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M.Sc. Microbiology
(Effective from June 2013)
Semester I (25 credits): Course work- 17 credits, laboratory- 8 credits
MBY 2101: General Microbiology and Microbial
Systematics (3 credits)
Microbiological techniques : Enrichment, pure
culture, identification, Cultivation, preservation of
microorganisms
Control of microorganisms : Sterilization methods,
disinfection, sterility testing of substances
Ultrastructure of bacteria : Endospore, cell wall,
flagella, cell membrane, pili, Capsule
Bacterial nutrition : Major and minor bioelements,
nutritional diversity, oxygenic & anoxygenic,
photosynthesis,
respiration,
fermentations,
chemolithotrophy, syntrophy
Microbial systematics, evolution and biodiversity :
Classification of bacteria : GC content analysis and
nucleic acid hybridization, 16S rRNA sequence
based phylogeny. Archaebacteria.
Origin of life: universal ancestor, origin of
eukaryotic cells
MBY 2102:
Medical Microbiology and
Introductory Immunology- I (3 credits)
Host-Parasite relationship : Nonspecific host
defenses, virulence factors, normal flora and
gnotobiology
Epidemiology : Infectious diseases, disease cycle,
epidemiological methods, diagnostic principles,
control, prevention, antimicrobial therapy.
Bacterial diseases : Pathogenesis, diagnosis,
prevention and treatment of diseases caused by
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, Shigella,
Salmonella, Mycobacteria, Treponema
Immunology: History, cells and organs of the
immune system.
Antigens types and properties. Antibody structure
& function
Antigen-antibody interactions. Immunological
techniques.
Organization and expression of immunoglobulin
genes.
MBY 2103: Biochemistry- I(4 credits)
Protein structure : amino acids, peptide bond, primary,
secondary,
tertiary and
quarternary
structure,
determination of sequence, N-terminal & C-terminal
analysis. Concepts of pH and buffer, chemical bonds.
Principles of Bioenergetics: Anabolism, catabolism,
free energy, Laws of thermodynamics, Biological
oxidation-reduction, high energy compounds.
Carbohydrate chemistry : structure, properties and
classification, stereo chemistry, function of
carbohydrates, storage polysaccharides etc.
Urea cycle
Lipid Chemistry & Metabolism
Vitamins: Fat soluble, water soluble and coenzyme
form : biosynthesis, functions, reaction
Introduction to enzymes: classification, enzyme
assays, purification.
MBY 2104: Introductory Molecular Biology &
Genetic Engineering (4 credits)
Classical genetics : Mendel’s Laws, Linkage &
Complementation, Genetic Mapping
Gene expression in bacteria: Operon Concept,
regulation of lac, ara, trp & gal operons.
Genetic engineering : Enzymes in DNA
manipulation- Restriction-modification enzymes,
ligases, polymerases etc. Vectors : plasmid, phage,
cosmids, expression etc.
Basic techniques in Molecular biology and genetic
engineering : Southern & Northern hybridization &
preparation of labelled probes, DNA sequencing,
PCR & Applications.
Cloning strategies-Library construction & screening
of recombinant clones.
MBY 2105:
Biophysics & Environmental
Microbiology (3 credits)
History of Microbiology
Microbiology of air and monitoring air pollution.
Microbiology
of
water:
Microbiological
examination of water, indicator microorganisms,
disinfection, purification processes.
Waste-water treatment : Characterisation of wastewater, self purification, conventional sewage
treatment process, Microbiology of treatment
plants, low cost plants and advances in treatment
plants.
Pollutants and microbial interactions : Origin and
dispersal of pollutants, types
of pollutantspesticides, hydrocarbons, surfactants, synthetic
polymers,
metals,
monitoring
pollutants.
Biodegradation of representative pollutants and
xenobiotic compounds.
Bioremediation Technology : bioremediation of
soils and ground water, bioventing of petroleum
hydrocarbons, bioremediation of oil spills.
Environmental impact assessment
Microbial technology: Bioleaching, Biopesticides
Study of techniques used for Biomolecules, UV,
visible absorption spectroscopy, Fluorescence
spectroscopy, circular dichroism.
Semester II (25 credits)
Course work- 16 credits, laboratory-6 credits, seminar-1credit, Dissertation-2 credit
MBY 2201: Microbial diversity and techniques
(3 credits)
Microscopy : General principles and optics of
bright field, phase contrast, dark field, fluorescence,
differential interference, microscopes etc.
Electron microscope & advanced microscopes
(confocal laser scanning microscope, environmental
scanning electron microscope)
Bacterial growth kinetics & measurements :
methods
of
estimation,
growth
curve,
factors affecting growth, batch, continuous and fed
batch growth, synchronous growth,
Microbial physiology of diverse Groups
thermophiles, psychrophiles, halophiles
Physiology and Biochemistry of nitrogen fixing
bacteria.
Cyanobacteria,
General characteristics of actinomycetes
fungi and yeasts : classification , life cycle and cell
structure.
MBY 2202:
Medical Microbiology and
Introductory Immunology II (3 credits)
Mycoses : Superficial, Subcutaneous and systemic
mycosis
Rickettsia, mycoplasma and chlamydia: general
characteristics, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention
and treatment of their disease
Viral diseases : General characters, pathogenesis,
diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases
caused by Polio virus, Hepatitis, Rabies, Mumps,
Influenza, Herpes, HIV
Protozoan diseases: Representative examples
Immunology: MHC complex. Antigen processing
& presentation
Cell mediated immunity. Immune effector
mechanisms: cytokines,
Complement system. Hypersensitivity.
Immune response to infectious diseases.
Vaccines and Monoclonal antibodies.
MBY 2203: Biochemistry- II (3 credits)
Principles and applications of basic techniques :
Electrophoresis, Centrifugation, and
ultracentrifugation, Chromatographic techniques,
Radioisotopes, X-ray crystallography.
Carbohydrate
Metabolism:
Glycolysis,
gluconeogenesis, TCA cycle, ED pathway, HMP
shunt - History, reactions, enzymes involved,
regulation, distribution and energetics
Amino acids chemistry and metabolism :
classification and properties
Elucidation of biosynthetic pathways, biosynthesis
& catabolism of aromatic amino acids, branched
amino acids, aspartate family, glycine, serine.
Purine-pyrimidine metabolism
MBY 2204: Introductory Genetics & Molecular
Biology (4 credits)
Introduction to yeast genetics. Drosophila , p
elements
DNA structure and properties
Genetic code.
Gene expression in bacteria:
Transcription,
promoters and RNA polymerases
Introduction to bacteriophages : General
characteristics and physiology of single stranded
DNA phages and RNA phages, life cycles of T
series phages
Lambda phage- Regulation of lytic and lysogenic
cycles.
MBY 2215: Microbial ecology and Biostatistics
(3 credits)
Microbial Ecology : microbial interactions,
community structure and activity.
Aquatic Microbiology : Habitats and microbial
communities, biofilms
Methods: nucleic acid probes, radioisotopes,
microelectrodes,
community
fingerprinting,
microbial activity measurements. Microbial
diversity indices.
Geochemical cycling: C, N, S, P, Fe cycles.
Plant pathology and plant defense
Biofertilisers
Dairy microbiology : microbiology of milk and
milk products, cheese making.
Food
microbiology
:
enumeration
of
microorganisms in food, preservation and spoilage,
fermented foods, food borne, Infections, food
intoxications. Food flavors, Genetically modified
foods.
Biostatistics : Distributions - normal, binomial and
Poisson, mean variance, standard deviation and
standard error. Coordination and regression; Test of
significance; Analysis of variance
Semester III (25 credits)
Course work- 16 credits, laboratory-6 credits, seminar-1 credit, dissertation-2 credits
MBY 2301: Molecular Biology - 1 ( 4 credits)
Genome organization in eukaryotes: chromosome
structure and chromatin.
Mutations : Types of mutations, inheritance in
bacteria, adaptive mutations, molecular basis of
spontaneous lesions and mutations, suppressor
mutations, reversions, site directed mutagenesis,
mutations and disease
Eukaryotic Transcription : General features,
enzymes & proteins in transcription machinery &
regulation
Transposable genetic elements : prokaryotes classification, IS elements, composite transposons,
TnA family, mechanism of transposition
MBY 2302:
Biochemical Engineering &
Industrial Microbiology -II ( 3 credits)
Fermentation principles : Different types of
fermentative
approaches,
economics
of
fermentation, raw materials, design of mechanically
& non-mechanically agitated fermenters, animal
and plant cell cultivation.
Fermentation process : Screening of organisms and
strain improvement. Downstream processes for
fermentation product
Typical fermentations : Kinetics and fermentative
production of antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin),
organic acids (citric acid), amino acids (glutamic
acid, lysine), vitamins (B12), solvents (ethanol),
recombinant DNA products
MBY 2303: Cell Biology & Enzymology -I ( 3
credits)
Oxidative phosphorylation : Electron transport
system in bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplast.
Uncouplers and inhibitors, Theories of oxidative
phosphorylation, ATPase – structure function
Photosynthesis in bacteria and plants :
Organization, apparatus, electron donors and
acceptors, energetics.
Organellar cell biology : Structure, and biogenesis
of chloroplast and mitochondria, lysosomes,
Protein translocation in eukaryotes: cytoskeleton,
motor proteins
Eukaryotic cell division cycle: Mitosis, Meiosis,
Cyclins, regulation of cell cycle
Enzyme kinetics : steady state kinetics, MichaelisMenten equation, significance of kinetic constants,
plots, single substrate kinetics, enzyme inhibition
kinetics, two substrate kinetics, presteady state
kinetics.
Immunology
TCR, Thymic selection, T cell
activation and differentiation,  T cells generation
and function
MBY 2304: Microbial genetics and genomics (3
credits)
Transduction : Generalized, restricted , linkage and
mapping.
Transformation
:
Discovery,
competence
development, molecular mechanism of DNA
uptake, mapping.
Conjugation : History, mechanism, Hfr transfer,
linkage, mapping, F-plasmid and conjugative
plasmids structure and function
Strain construction & problems in genetics.
Microbial genomics : Physical mapping, genome
sequencing & annotation, functional
genomics,
transcriptome & proteome analysis, positional
cloning, comparative genomics.
Techniques : RAPD, RFLP mapping, pulse field gel
electrophoresis,
FISH,
microarrays,
Mass
spectrometry.
Bacterial vectors : Plasmids : Introduction,
classification, incompatibility, copy number control
& plasmids vector. Phage lambda as vector
MBY 2305:
Microbial Physiology and
Biophysics (3 credits)
Microbial adaptation to stress : temperature, salt
and oxidative stress.
Transport in prokaryotes : Types, methods of study,
transport of sugars, amino acids, organic
acids, iron. Secretion systems in bacteria
Antibiotics : Biosynthesis, mode of action,
regulation, genetics, hybrid antibiotics.
Protein folding and stability
Semester IV (25 credits)
Course work - 15 credits, Practical-2 credits, Dissertation-6 credits, Viva-2 credits
MBY 2401: Molecular Biology –II (3 credits)
DNA replication : General features, replication in
prokaryotes- E. coli and phages, replication in
eukaryotes – animal viruses, yeast and higher
eukaryotes.
DNA repair : methods and mechanisms
DNA recombination : models and mechanisms
Eukaryotic Transcription & RNA processing :Post
transcriptional modification, splicing, RNA editing,
ribozymes.
Translation in prokaryotes & eukaryotes :
Components of translational machinery, ribosome
synthesis, functions of tRNA & rRNA, Initiation,
elongation, termination of translation, posttranslational modifications.
Non-coding RNA,
RNA silencing
MBY 2402: Biochemical Engineering &
Industrial Microbiology II ( 3 credits)
Fermentation process : Air sterilization, Media
sterilization, aeration and mixing in bioreactors,
approaches for production at larger scale,
instrumentation, control.
Biotransformation of steroids
Microbial production of enzymes : amylases,
proteases, glucose isomerases, penicillin acylases.
Immobilization of enzymes and cells : techniques
and processes.
Biosensors.
MBY 2403: Cell Biology & Enzymology - II (3
credits)
Membrane biology : Structure, function, membrane
protein transport in eukaryotes
Cell biology :cell junction and cell adhesion,
extracellular matrix composition, diversity
Signal transduction in eukaryotes : MAP kinase pathway,
G-proteins, protein kinases, Phosphoinositides
Immunology: Immune tolerance and autoimmunity,
Leukocyte trafficking, Chemokines and receptors
Enzyme kinetics : Mechanism of enzyme action :
transition state theory, active site mapping. Case
studies of chymotrypsin, lysozyme
Allostery. Hill, Adair, MWC, KNF models. Case
studies of aspartate transcarbamylase, hemoglobin.
MBY 2419: Bioinformatics and Microbial
differentiation (3 credits)
Phage genetics : Mutations & recombination in
phages.
Microbial differentiation and regulation: Yeast
mating types switching mechanismand regulation.
Genetics of bacterial cell division. Genetics of
sporulation in Bacillus. Genetics of nod and nif
regulation in nitrogen fixation.
Bioinformatics : Introduction to internet resources
& databases, analysis of biological data: sequence
analysis, similarity search -BLAST, multiple
sequence alignment- CLUSTAL W, phylogenetic
analysis, protein structure analysis.
Yeast genetic engineering : vectors and cloning,
yeast two hybrid system.
MBY 2420: Microbial physiology and molecular
pathogenesis (3 credits)
Physiology of autotrophs & anaerobic respiration :
autotrophic CO2 fixation, hydrogen bacteria,
nitrifying bacteria, sulphur bacteria, iron bacteria,
methanogens.
Signal transduction prokaryotes : two component
systems, chemotaxis, receptor structure & function.
Quorum sensing (bioluminescence)
Molecular pathogenesis : Horizontal gene transfer;
pathogenicity islands, type three secretory system,
regulation of virulence genes, evolution of
pathogen. Molecular pathogenesis of Shigella.
Cancer: characterization, retroviruses, oncogen,
angiogenesis, therapy.
Advances in pathogenesis: malarial research &
prions IPR, patents
Practicals
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SEMESTER I & II
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Methods of sterilisation
Laboratory equipments (autoclave, incubator)
Preparation of media
Aseptic technique
Pure culture techniques
Observation of bacteria :
i) Staining :
a) Simple techniques
b) Differential techniques
c) Special techniques
ii) Demonstration of motility
iii) Measurement of bacterial size
Bacteria growth :
Growth curve
Relationship between cell number and turbidity
Enumeration of bacteria (viable count) : Pour plate technique and spread plate method
Phage titre and One step growth curve of E. coli phage
Microbial control : Phenol coefficient
Cultivation and morphology of common moulds
auxotrophs and complementation studies
sporulation and segregation of markers
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Medical Microbiology :
Identification of Gm- and Gm+ (medically important) bacteria according to Bergey's manual.
Antibiotic sensitivity test
8) Immunology and Serology :
Single radial diffusion
Ouchterlony and immunoelectrophoresis
Widal
9) Hematology :
Blood grouping
TLC, DLC
Concept of pH, buffers, measurements and preparation
Beer-Lamberts law
Concept of molarity, normality etc. analytical problems
13. Separation methods :
i) Paper chromatography
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a) amino acid
b) sugars
ii) PAGE-proteins
Biochemical estimations :
Different methods of sugar estimations - Cole's, Hanes, Nelson-Somogii, DNSA
Amino acids : methionine, proline, tryptophan
Vitamins : ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid
Antibiotics : penicillin, streptomycin
Proteins : Lowry's and Bradford's method
Isolation and estimation of protein from milk
Phosphatase assay
Phosphate estimation : Fiske, Subbarow method
Isolation of chromosomal DNA and RNA : Characterization by agarose gel electrophoresis, quantitation
Isolation of microorganisms from various habitats e.g. soil, water, air, skin, root, nodules, sewage.
Soil Microbiology :
i) Winogradsky's column preparation :
a) Isolation of anaerobes, denitrifiers by sloppy agar method
ii)
Enrichment culture technique for amylase producing bacteria
nitrogen fixers
phosphate solubilisers
Wastewater Microbiology :
Enrichment and enumeration of bacteriophages from sewage
31. COD determination
32. BOD determination
33. Water Microbiology :
i) MPN technique
34. Food and Milk Microbiology :
35. Methylene blue reduction test
36. Phosphatase
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SEMESTER III & IV
Effect of UV radiation on bacteria
Isolation, enrichment and identification of mutants by UV and chemical mutagenesis :
auxotrophic mutants
pigmentless mutants
repair deficient mutants
mutants in carbohydrate metabolism
Study of Tn5 transposition and isolation of transposon induced mutants
Plasmid isolation by -alkaline lysis method
SDS-boiling method
Minipreps and large scale preparation
Restriction enzyme digestion and agarose gel electrophoresis
Recovery of DNA from agarose gels by various methods
Cloning of genomic DNA and screening by insertional inactivation and blue/white assay
PCR amplification of 16s rRNA gene
Fermentative production of alcohol and determination of production efficiency
Determination of kLa by dynamic method
Immobilisation of enzymes
Immobilization of microbial cells and application for conversion of sucrose to reducing sugars
Determination of oxygen transfer rate by sulfite oxidation method
Assay of enzymes :
a) amylase; b) invertase; c) peroxidase; d) -galactosidase; e) protease etc.,
Immobilization of yeast invertase & inversion of sucrose using fluidized bed column.
Enzyme kinetics :
Determination of Km and Vmax
Inhibition kinetics
Effect of pH
Determination of t½ at different temperatures and factors influencing temperature stability
Use of inhibitors for active site amino acid determination
SDS-PAGE analysis of proteins
Native PAGE and activity staining of enzymes
Immunology
a) Isolation of lymphocytes, separation of macrophages
b) Purification of antibodies
c) Cell culture handling
d) Fluorescent antibody test using macrophages
Preparation of competent cells
Plasmid transformation
Effect of DNA concentration on transformation efficiency
Conjugation in E. coli :
Hfr mediation gene transfer
Mapping of chromosomal DNA by interrupted mating
Zygotic induction
Transduction :
a) P1 transduction; b) determination of linkage of chromosomal markers by
b) cotransduction frequency
39. Bioinformatics :
a) Sequence alignment : BLAST
b) Multiple alignment and phylogeny
c) Discovering motifs in sequences – MEME
d) Searching for motifs in database – MAST
e) Predicting protein structure PSI – BLAST