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The Human Body
Table of Contents
Body Organization
System Interactions
Homeostasis
The Human Life Cycle
Taking Care of Your Body
7.1 Body Organization
• Each part of the body has a specific job to
do and must work together so smoothly
that you don’t even notice them.
• The levels of organization in the human
body consist of cells, tissues, organs, and
organ systems.
• cell→ tissue → organ → organ system
Cells
• Cell is the basic unit of structure and
function in an organism.
• The human body contains about 100
trillion tiny cells, most cannot be seen
without a microscope.
• 100,000,000,000,000 = 1014
Cell Structure
• The cell membrane forms the outside
border of a cell.
• The nucleus directs the cell’s activities and
holds information that controls cell function.
• The cell is filled with a clear, jellylike
substance called cytoplasm.
Cell functions
• Cells carry on the processes that keep
organisms alive.
• Inside cells, molecules from food release
energy that cells use.
• Cells also grow, reproduce, and get rid of
waste.
Body Organization
Body Organization
This diagram tracks the levels of organization in the body. What are the
missing level names?
Body Organization
Tissues
A tissue is a group of
similar cells that
perform the same
function.
Tissues
• Tissue is a group of similar cells that
performs the same function.
–Muscle tissue: contract, or shorten, to make
parts of your body move.
–Nervous tissue: directs and controls the
processes, and carries electrical messages
back and forth between the brain and other
parts of the body.
–Connective tissue: provides support for your
body and connects all its parts.
–Epithelial tissue: covers surfaces, inside and
out to protect the structures beneath it.
Body Organization
Organs
The heart, like other
organs, is made of
different tissues. Which
tissue matches each
function?
Body Organization
Organization of an Organism
Tissues are made from cells, organs are made from tissues that
perform different functions.
Organs
• Organs are made of different types of
tissue to perform a function, but the job of
an organ is more complex that that of a
tissue.
• Each type of tissue contributes in a
different way to the organ’s job.
Body Organization
Systems and Organisms
Each organ in the body is part of an organ system. Starting with cells,
the levels of organization in an organism become more and more
complex.
Systems
•An organ system is a group of organs that work
together, carrying out major functions.
•On pgs 246-247, find the functions of the following
systems:
Skeletal
Integumentary
Muscular
Circulatory
Respiratory
Digestive
Excretory
Nervous
Endocrine
Reproductive
Body Organization
Body Systems, Part 1
Body Organization
Body Systems, Part 2
System Interactions
Synesthesia
Explore how your senses overlap. Look at the shapes. One of them is
called kiki and the other bouba. Which name do you think matches each
shape?
7.2 Vocabulary
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Skeleton
Skeletal muscle
Joint
Nutrient
Absorption
Gland
Stimulus
Response
Hormone
How do you move?
• All movements happen as a result of the
interactions between body systems.
System Interactions
Muscles Moving Bones
Muscles and bones work together and make the body
move. The nervous system tells your muscles when
to act.
•Muscles contract and relax. When a muscle contracts, it shortens
and pulls on the bones to which it is attached.
System Interactions
•Your skeleton bends at its joints. Muscles make bones move at
their joints. The nervous system controls when and who your
muscles act on your bones.
Bones and Joints
A joint is a place in
the body where two
bones come
together.
Which systems move materials in your body?
• The circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and
excretory systems play key roles in
moving materials in your body.
Transporting Materials
• The circulatory system includes the heart,
blood vessels, and blood.
• Blood flows through the blood vessels
carrying water, oxygen, and food to every
cell.
• Carbon dioxide and cellular wastes also
move through the blood.
System Interactions
The Body’s Highway
The circulatory system is
like a set of roadways that
carry materials to and from
cells. Use the word bank to
identify the materials that
move between cells and the
blood.
Breathing In, Breathing Out
• Breathing is an automatically controlled by
the nervous system, but also depends upon
the muscles that expand and compress the
chest.
• Oxygen moves into the lungs and into the
bloodstream. The respiratory and circulatory
systems work together to deliver oxygen and
remove carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is
carried by the blood to the lungs and
exhaled.
System Interactions
Breathing In, Breathing Out
Without even realizing it, you breathe in and out more than 20,000 times in
one day.
System Interactions
Something in the
Air
How would you fill in
the blanks to
describe the
functions of the
respiratory system?
System Interactions
Getting Food
•The digestive system helps to
break down foods into sugars
and other nutrient molecules that
the body can use.
•The circulatory delivers the
nutrients to all the cells in the
body.
System Interactions
Moving Wastes
•The respiratory, circulatory, and
digestive systems all have roles in
the excretory system, which
eliminates wastes from the body.
•Cellular wastes filter out of the
blood by the kidneys through urine.
•Solid wastes are eliminated
through the digestive system
through feces.
Which systems control body functions?
• To function properly, each part of your body
must be able to communicate with other
parts of your body.
• Other messages are sent by chemical
signals that are produced by the endocrine
system which is made up of glands.
• The nervous system and the endocrine
system work together to control body
functions.
System Interactions
Nervous System
•All actions are controlled by the
nervous system which is made up of
brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
•Signals in the environment cause a
response from the body. Responses
are directed by the nervous system
but often involve other systems.
The eyes, ears, skin, nose, and taste buds send
information about the environment to the nervous
system.
System Interactions
Stimulus and Response
What is the correct order of the pictures to show stimulus and
response?
System Interactions
Endocrine System
•Hormones are transported through the body
by the circulatory system and affect many body
processes.
•Hormones control amount of water
and amount of sugar in the
bloodstream. They also affect the
reproductive systems.
The chemical signals released by the endocrine system are called
hormones.
Homeostasis
Stress and Catching a Cold
In the 1980s, scientists began to gather evidence that stress can affect
the immune system.
7.3 Vocabulary
• Homeostasis
• Stress
How does your body stay in balance?
• Regardless of external temperature, the
body’s internal temperature is almost always
37°C.
• Conditions inside the body, such as chemical
makeup, water content, and body
temperature, all stay the same.
• All of your body systems working together
maintain homeostasis and keep the body in
balance.
Maintaining Homeostasis
• The nervous and endocrine systems
control responses. Other systems also
play roles.
• Regulating temperature: When cold,
nervous system causes shivering; when
warm, endocrine system releases
hormones to perspire.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis and Regulating Temperature
Homeostasis keeps the body and its outside environment in balance.
• Meeting energy needs: when lacking energy,
hormones from endocrine system signals the
nerves to feel hungry; when full, nerves
signal to stop eating.
• Maintaining water balance: when lacking
water, nerves signals thirst; excess water
leaves the body through the excretory
system.
• Keeping balance: structures in the inner ear
sense the position of the head; when off
balance, the brain sends messages to
muscles to regain balance.
Homeostasis
Meeting Energy Needs
What are the signals between the nervous system and the digestive
system that control feelings of hunger?
Homeostasis
Relate Cause and Effect
How would you complete the cause-and-effect table?
Responding to Stress
• When stressed or startled, the endocrine
system pumps adrenaline to make the
heart beat faster and increase breathing.
• Some stress is normal, but ongoing stress
can disrupt the body’s ability to fight
disease, cause depression, headaches,
digestion problems, heart problems.
Fighting Disease
• Bacteria and viruses can enter the body and
cause illness.
• The immune system creates specialized
cells that can attack and destroy bacterial
and viruses .
• The body may fight infections by causing the
body temperature to increase.
• Fever takes extra energy and causes the
body to feel tired.
System Rap
Fun Facts
7.4 Vocabulary
• Adolescence
• Puberty
What changes occur from infancy to adulthood?
• The changes that take place between
infancy and adulthood include physical
changes, such as an increase in size, as
well as mental changes, such as ability to
communicate.
Infancy
• During the first 2 years of life, or infancy, a
baby’s shape and size change greatly.
• At birth, a baby’s head is about one-fourth of
its body length, but the body catches up over
time.
• A baby may double its birth weight within the
first year.
• At the end of infancy, babies learn to
communicate, follow instructions, and feed
themselves.
Childhood
• After 2 years, childhood brings increased
height and weight, more coordination, and
increased mental abilities.
• Language skills improve rapidly, and most
children show curiosity.
• Children learn to read, play games, and
solve problems.
The Human Life Cycle
How would you use the data table to complete a line graph? What
would be a good title for the graph?
Adolescence
• Adolescents gradually become able to think
like adults by thinking critically.
• Their bodies undergo specific physical
changes based on their gender.
• Hormones are produced by the pituitary
gland and by ovaries (in girls) or by testes (in
boys).
• Girls look like women while boys look like
men.
The Human Life Cycle
What are three effects of entering adolescence?
Adulthood
• After puberty, mental, emotional, and
physical growth continue into adulthood.
• After 30, some signs of aging become
visible such as wrinkled skin and decrease
muscle strength.
• Hormone levels begin to drop causing a
decrease in the ability to reproduce.
The Human Life Cycle
Describe the changes that occur during each stage of a person’s life.
Taking Care of Your Body
Reading a Food Pyramid
The width of each band of the
pyramid shows the portion of
that group to include in a
healthy diet. In which group
would you place the foods you
ate yesterday?
Taking Care of Your Body
Carbon Monoxide in the Blood
The more cigarettes a person smokes, the more carbon monoxide he
or she inhales.