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Politics and Economics 1968 - 1980 Chapter 19 Appealing to Middle America By 1971 nearly two-thirds of Americans wanted us OUT of Vietnam. Appealed to the “Silent Majority” A month before the 1972 presidential election, Kissinger announced that peace was near. Nixon won re-election in a landslide. Nixon’s Foreign Policy Détente: relaxing of tensions between U.S. and Communist China and Soviet Union ”Ping-pong diplomacy”: sharing culture and arts among US and China In 1971 American ping pong players entered China. It was the first time Americans had entered China since the Communist takeover in 1949. Nixon recognizes Peoples Republic of China (Communist China) as representatives of China instead of Taiwan American-Soviet Moscow Summit May 1972 Nixon meets with Leonid Brezhnev The two leaders sign the SALT I plan-Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty which limits nuclear arms. Salt II Talks 1979 Salt I Talks 1972 Roots of Watergate Nixon established a secret group known as the “plumbers” to plug leaks (such as “Pentagon Papers” Started campaign of dirty tricks that included IRS harassment and derailing of Democratic frontrunner Edmund Muskie. In March 1972, a group within the Committee to Reelect the President (CREEP) made plans to wiretap the phones at the Democratic National Committee Headquarters at the Watergate apartment complex in Washington, D.C. The break-in and the cover-up which resulted became known as the Watergate scandal Nixon had taped his sessions of meetings with staff showing that he knew of the cover-up. In addition, he had asked the CIA to talk to the FBI to stop the investigation. Nixon Resigns RESIGNATION A delegation of the most senior members of Congress, led by Barry Goldwater, informed the President that no more than 15 Senators still supported him On August 9, 1974, Nixon resigned Gerald Ford (R) • VP Agnew’s resignation in October of 1973-taking bribes as Governor of Maryland • Gerald Ford appointed by Nixon to replace Agnew • Ford succeeds Nixon as president (first president not elected by population) The Nixon Pardon September 8, 1974 One of Ford’s first actions, and his most controversial, was to issue a full pardon to Richard Nixon for any crimes he might have committed. I, Gerald R. Ford, President of the United States, pursuant to the pardon power conferred upon me by Article II, Section 2, of the Constitution…do grant a full, free, and absolute pardon unto Richard Nixon for all offenses against the United States which he, Richard Nixon, has committed or may have committed or taken part in during the period from July (January) 20, 1969 through August 9, 1974. Economic Crisis of the 1970s The Yom Kippur War, also known as the 1973 Arab–Israeli War, was a war fought by the coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria against Israel from October 6 to 25, 1973 Egyptian and Syrian forces crossed ceasefire lines to enter the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights respectively, which had been captured by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War. Both the United States and the Soviet Union initiated massive resupply efforts to their respective allies during the war, and this led to a near-confrontation between the two nuclear superpowers The 1978 Camp David Accords that followed led to the return of the Sinai to Egypt and normalized relations—the first peaceful recognition of Israel by an Arab country. Egypt continued its drift away from the Soviet Union and left the Soviet sphere of influence entirely. OPEC OIL EMBARGO The 1973 oil crisis started in October 1973, when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries or the OAPEC (consisting of the Arab members of OPEC, plus Egypt, Syria and Tunisia) proclaimed an oil embargo. Due to U.S. support for Israel in Yom Kippur War, OAPEC decided to retaliate, announcing an oil embargo against Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It lasted until March 1974. A Stagnant Economy Declining manufacturing and loss of jobs. 1970s, first time US imported more goods than exported. High levels of inflation and a stagnant economy with high employment: stagflation Nixon took US off “gold standard” and put US on “fiat” currency (money that has value because the government says it has value and requires people to accept if for payment of goods and services. President Ford: Whip Inflation Now (WIN) tried to reduce inflation, keep taxes low but little effect on economy The Election of 1976 Pres. Ford (R) ran against Democrat James Carter, the former Governor of Georgia; “Call me Jimmy” Carter was a born-again Christian who vowed that he would never lie to the American people: elected President! Carter “deregulated” oil industry to fix oil crisis. Carter believed Americans had lost their national will. “Crisis of Confidence” speech. Many Americans felt that Pres. Carter was blaming them for his failures. Economy continued to falter. The Community Reinvestment Act The Community Reinvestment Act. Law designed to encourage commercial banks and savings associations to help meet the needs of borrowers in all segments of their communities, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. Congress passed the Act in 1977 to reduce discriminatory credit practices against lowincome neighborhoods, a practice known as redlining. Redlining is the practice of denying, or charging more for services to residents in particular, often racially determined areas. Refers to the practice of marking a red line on a map to delineate the area where banks would not invest; The CRA was passed to discourage redlining, a practice originally based on Home Owners Loan Corporation "residential security maps," like this 1937 security map of Philadelphia. Carter’s Foreign Policy In inaugural address, spoke of US foreign policy to be honest and truthful. 1978: Gave control of Panama Canal back to Panamanian government as of 1999. 1979 – Soviets invade Afghanistan. US sent aid to rebels in 1980. U.S. boycotts Moscow Summer Olympics in protest. Beat the Soviet Union hockey team in Winter Olympics. “Miracle on Ice” Triumph and Failure in the Middle East Camp David Accords 1978--Israel and Egypt to agree to end 30 years of intermittent warfare. This put the leadership of the anti-Israel alliance into the hands of Iraq and Iran. Carter’s failure to solve a crisis with Iran, holding US hostages, cost him the 1980 election. Iran Hostage Crisis 1979--The Iranian Revolution overthrow Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (Shah of Iran), who was supported by the United States, and its eventual replacement with an Islamic republic under the Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Operation Eagle Claw : US Forces ordered by Pres. Carter to attempt to end the Iran hostage crisis by rescuing diplomats held captive at the embassy of the United States. Total failure. Iran Hostage Crisis--Shiite Muslims in Iran seized 52 US hostages and held them in Tehran for 444 days. New Approaches to Civil Rights •Early 1970s - a push for improved education for African Americans. •Schools in white neighborhoods had better supplies, facilities, and teachers. •To desegregate schools, local governments implemented a policy known as busing, where children were transported to schools outside their neighborhoods to gain racial balance. New Approaches to Civil Rights •1960s and 1970s - minority groups organized to improve their positions in society. Affirmative action is intended to promote the opportunities of defined minority groups within a society to give them equal access to that of the privileged majority population •African American leaders looked to affirmative action to gain good jobs and adequate housing. •Required companies and institutions doing business with the federal government to actively recruit African American employees. •Later included other minorities groups & women. The Bakke Case •In 1974 Allan Bakke, a white applicant, was turned down for admission to the University of California Medical School. •Slots had been set aside for minorities. •1978 - in University of California Regents v. Bakke, the Supreme Court ruled that the university had violated Bakke’s rights and had used reverse discrimination against him. •Schools could no longer set quotas Native Americans Raise Their Voices •Native Americans began to organize in the late 1960s and early 1970s as a result of grievances: * Low income * High unemployment * Discrimination * Limited education * Short life expectancy Formed militant groups such as the American Indian Movement (AIM). Since Native Americans began to organize, many reservations have improved their economic conditions. Businesses such as electric plants, resorts, cattle ranches and oil and gas reserves. Due to sovereignty of Native Indian lands, some Native Americans operate casinos even though state laws prevent others. Disability Rights Movement • 1968 Architectural Barriers Act: required that new buildings constructed with federal funds be accessible to persons with disabilities. •The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (often just called the “Rehab Act”) prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in programs run by federal agencies; programs that receive federal financial assistance; in federal employment; and in the employment practices of federal contractors. 1990 Congress enacted the Americans with Disabilities Act. Banned discrimination against persons with disabilities in employment, transportation, public education and telecommunications Environmentalism During the 1960s and 1970s, environmental issues became a significant concern for many Americans. Some argued that the use of pesticides had damaged wildlife and that pollution had fouled air and water •Marine biologist Rachel Carson wrote about pesticides in her book Silent Spring. She argued that pesticides were also killing birds and fish. Environmental Issues • Environmental concerns: * Cutting down trees in the Northwest * Smog from factories, power plants, and cars in the cities * Oil spills * Pollution and garbage in Lake Erie. April 1970 - first Earth Day to focus on the country’s environmental concerns •Citizens formed local environmental groups: * Sierra Club * Audubon Society * Wilderness Society Environmental Issues •1970 - Pres. Nixon signed a law creating the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). •EPA’s purpose: * Sets pollution standards * Promotes research * Coordinates anti-pollution activities with state and local governments. •1973 - Pres. Nixon signed a law creating the Endangered Species Act (ESA). •ESA’s purpose: An Act to provide for the conservation of endangered and threatened species of fish, wildlife, and plants, and for other purposes. •The Act is administered by two federal agencies, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Environmental Issues March 1979 - reactors at the Three Mile Island nuclear facility overheated, causing low levels of radiation to escape Although the plant was eventually declared safe, the incident left the public in doubt about the safety of nuclear energy 1960s and 1970s - Americans demanded product safety •Leader in the consumer protection movement - Ralph Nader. Wrote Unsafe at Any Speed. •Results: seat belts, safer cars, toys, clothes, etc. Reviewing Key Terms Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ D 1. section of the 1972 Educational Amendments prohibiting federally funded schools from discriminating against girls and young women in nearly all aspects of their operations __ B 2. a group living arrangement in which members share everything and work together __ H 3. fog made heavier and darker by smoke and chemical fumes __ I 4. a fuel formed in the earth from decayed plant or animal remains A. counterculture B. commune C. feminism D. Title IX E. affirmative action F. busing G. bilingualism H. smog I. fossil fuel Reviewing Key Terms (cont.) Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ A 5. a culture with values and beliefs different than the mainstream __ E 6. an active effort to improve employment or educational opportunities for minorities __ C 7. the belief that men and women should be equal politically, economically, and socially __ F 8. a policy of transporting children to schools outside their neighborhoods to achieve greater racial balance A. counterculture B. commune C. feminism D. Title IX E. affirmative action F. busing G. bilingualism H. smog I. fossil fuel Reviewing Key Terms (cont.) Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ G 9. the practice of teaching immigrant students in their own language A. counterculture B. commune C. feminism D. Title IX E. affirmative action F. busing G. bilingualism H. smog I. fossil fuel