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Medical Microbiology The History EQ: Who are the major contributors to the development of Microbiology? What is Microbiology? They study of microbes or microorganisms Microbes, or microorganisms are minute living things that are usually unable to be viewed with the naked eye. What is Microbiology? What are some of examples of microbes? Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses, and some are parasites (helminths) Some are pathogenic What is Microbiology? Microbres When you hear the word bacteria, what comes to your mind? Not all bacteria cause disease Most bacterial species cannot cause disease Figure 1. Gram stain of a species of Micrococcus, commonly isolated from the skin and nasal membranes of humans. Figures from: http://textbookofbacteriology.net/normalflora.html What is Microbiology? Microbes Can microorganisms be good for us, beneficial? Explain your answer Many species play beneficial roles Production of antibiotics and foodstuffs Decompose organic waste Produce industrial chemicals such as ethyl alcohol and acetone Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese, and bread Ancient Microbiological History Ancient people recognized many factors involved in diseases. Most ancient people documented that some diseases are communicable Example: When Black Death struck Europe entire villages were abandoned in an effort to escape the highly infectious plague (1347 A.D) No medical knowledge existed in Medieval England to cope with the disease. Ancient Microbiological History The Romans were a hygienic bunch and were concerned with health and cleanliness (waste and sewage). The Romans invented the first underground sewage system Ancient Microbiological History The Romans understood that sewage could cause disease therefore decided to build an underground sewage system which is an idea we still use today. A network of pipes brought clean water into the city of Rome and removed waste. Waste flushed from the latrines flowed through a central channel into the main sewage system and thence into a nearby river or stream. The public bath houses was the place where people went to socialize and do business as well as getting clean. History of Microbiology? Discovering organisms First microbes were observed in 1673 Robert Hooke- In 1665 reported that living things were composed of little boxes or cells devised the compound microscope and illumination system Antoni van Leeuwenhoek- (1673-1723) He is considered the father of bacteriology Made simple microscopes and began observing with them (1674) Discovered bacteria (he called them animalcules) Leeuwenhoek's microscope consisted simply of: A) a screw for adjusting the height of the object being examined B) a metal plate serving as the body C) a skewer to impale the object and rotate it D) the lens itself, which was spherical History of Microbiology: The Theories Spontaneous Generation Many believed in spontaneous generation: Aristotle synthesized the hypothesis which stated that some vital force contained in given organic matter can create living organisms from inanimate objects. In basic terms spontaneous generation stated that living organisms arise from non living matter. History of Microbiology: The Theories Spontaneous Generation Spontaneous generation was disproved in 1668 by Italian Scientist, Francesco Redi. What are the steps to the scientific method? If your were Francesco Redi, what experimental design would you create to disprove spontaneous generation? Redi’s Experiment: Redi’s question: Where do maggots come from? Hypothesized: Redi suspected that flies landing on the meat laid eggs that eventually grew into maggots Experiment: Placed meat in three separate jars History of Microbiology: The Theories Disproving Spontaneous Generation: Redi’s Experiment Jar #1 • • • Left open Maggots developed Flies were observed laying eggs on the meat in the open jar Jar #2 • • • Covered with netting Maggots appeared on the netting Flies were observed laying eggs on the netting Jar #3 • • Sealed No maggots developed History of Microbiology: The Theories Spontaneous Generation The Question: What causes tiny living things to appear in decaying broth? John Needham- revived the theory of spontaneous generation in 1745 Needham theorized that if he took chicken broth and heated it, all living things in it would die. After heating some broth, he let a flask cool and sit at a constant temperature. The development of a thick turbid solution of microorganisms in the flask was strong proof to Needham of the existence of spontaneous generation. History of Microbiology: The Theories Spontaneous Generation The Question: What causes tiny living things to appear in decaying broth? Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) In 1776 he demonstrated that microorganisms were already in the solution, the container, or the air He took solutions which he knew would "breed" organisms and boiled them for up to an hour. The flasks were hermetically sealed to keep out contaminated air. History of Microbiology: The Theories Biogenesis In 1858 German scientist, Rudolf Virchow challenged spontaneous generation with his concept of biogenesis Living organisms arise from pre-existing life Virchow presented his idea to the scientific community, but could not back it up with a convincing experiment History of Microbiology: The Theories Settlement of Spontaneous Generation In 1861, a French scientist by the name of Louis Pasteur demonstrated where microorganisms came from Father of Medical Microbiology Demonstrated the microorganisms exist in the air and could contaminate sterile solutions by passing air through cotton filters The filter trapped tiny particles floating in the air http://www.microbiologytext.com/index.php?module=Book&func=displayarticle&art_id=27 History of Microbiology: The Theories Louis Pasteur’s Swan neck flask experiment http://www.microbiologytext.com/index.php?module=Book&func=displayarticle&art_id=27 French chemist Louis Pasteur’s design of this experiment settled the argument. History of Microbiology: The Theories Louis Pasteur’s experiments Louis Pasteur performed numerous experiments to discover why wine and dairy products became sour He found that bacteria were to blame (lactic acid fermentation) Pasteur called attention to the importance of microorganisms in everyday life and stirred scientists to think that if bacteria could make the wine “sick,” then perhaps they could cause human illness. Golden Age of Microbiology 1857- 1914 Beginning with Pasteur’s work, discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity and antimicrobial medicine Germ Theory of Disease Germ theory states that specific microscopic organisms are the cause of specific diseases.