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Unit 1: Psychology’s History and Approaches Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology • • • • Ancient Greeks: Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Rene Descartes Francis Bacon John Locke –Tabula Rasa (blank slate) • Empiricism Psychology’s Roots Psychological Science is Born • Wilhelm Wundt (1879) –University of Leipzig –Reaction time experiment • G. Stanley Hall Psychology’s Roots Thinking About the Mind’s Structure • Edward Titchener –Structuralism • introspection Psychology’s Roots Thinking About the Mind’s Function • William James –Functionalism Psychology’s Roots Thinking About the Mind’s Function • Mary Calkins • Margaret Floy Washburn • Experimental psychology Psychological Science Develops • Sigmund Freud Psychological Science Develops • Behaviorism –John B. Watson • Rosalie Raynor Psychological Science Develops • Behaviorism –B.F. Skinner –“study of observable behavior” –conditioning Psychological Science Develops • Humanistic psychology –Carl Rogers –Abraham Maslow • Cognitive Neuroscience Psychological Science Develops • Psychology –Science –Behavior –Mental processes Psychology’s Biggest Question • Nature – Nurture Issue –Biology versus experience –History • Greeks • Rene Descartes • Charles Darwin –Natural selection Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis • Levels of Analysis –Biological –Psychological –Social-cultural • Biopsychosocial Approach Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis Psychological Approaches/Perspectives • • • • • • • Behavioral perspective Biological perspective Cognitive perspective Evolutionary perspective Humanistic perspective Psychodynamic perspective Social-cultural perspective Psychology’s Subfields • Psychometrics • Basic Research – Biological psychologists – Developmental psychologists – Cognitive psychologists – Educational psychologists – Personality psychologists – Social psychologists Psychology’s Subfields • Applied Research – Industrial/organizational psychologists – Human factors psychologists – Counseling psychologists – Clinical psychologists – Psychiatrists – Positive psychology – Community psychologists Basic Research Subfields • • • • • Cognitive psychologists Developmental psychologists Educational psychologists Experimental psychologists Psychometric and Quantitative Psychologists • Social psychologists Applied Research Subfields • Forensic psychologists • Health psychologists • Industrial/organizational (I/O) psychologists • Neuropsychologists • Rehabilitation psychologists • School psychologists • Sport psychologists The Helping Professions • Clinical psychologists • Community psychologists • Counseling psychologists
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