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The Odyssey An Introduction Who was Homer? ► No one knows for sure who Homer was ► Greek storyteller credited with putting together the Iliad and the Odyssey. ► Iliad: story of the 10 year Trojan War caused by Paris and Helen ► Odyssey: story of Odysseus’ long and wayward return from the Trojan War Rhapsodes ► Homer was a model for a class of storytellers called rhapsodes ► Known as “singers of tales,” they were the historians and entertainers as well as mythmakers ► None of these stories were written down. Each storyteller would have had to memorize the entire work and told it in such a way that it would be part performance. ► They did not memorize the story word for word but knew the basic story and improvised on the spot, following a basic rhythm of the words. ► There is a great deal of repetition in the stories, which makes it a bit simpler to tell. Epics and Values ► Epics: a long narrative poem that tells of the adventures of heroes across great spans of time and place. The epic contains the ideas, morals, themes and values of a culture from which it is created. ► Iliad: An archetype of the war epic. Contains the morals and values of the Greek society in war. ► Odyssey: An archetype of the adventure epic. Seen as a metaphor for living one’s life Contains the morals, themes and values of the Greek society about adventure, hardship, and life. Characteristics of an Epic ► Involves an epic question The opening lines of the poem that state the theme ►A physically impressive hero of national or historical importance ► A vast setting involving not only of the known world but also the underworld ► Action such as a quest or journey requiring superhuman ability and courage ► Evidence of supernatural forces Myths ► Stories that use fantasy to express ideas about life that cannot be expressed in realistic terms ► Considered religious because they are concerned with the relationship between human beings and the unknown or spiritual realm (gods/goddesses). The Muses ► The Muses preside over the arts and sciences, inspire all artists, especially poets, philosophers, and musicians. ► Their name denotes “memory” or “a reminder,” since in the poets relied on their memories when telling these stories ► The nine Muses are the daughters of the Zeus and of Mnemosyne (ni-mos-a-nē), the goddess of memory The Nine Muses ► Calliope (ka-lī-ō-pē) ► the muse of epic poetry ► Clio (kl-ī-ō) the muse of love poetry ► the muse of history ► Euterpe (yoo-tur-pē) Melpomene (mel-pom-e-nē) the muse of tragedy ► Terpsichore (turp-sic-u-rē) the muse of dancing Polyhymnia (pol-ē-him-nē-a) the muse of sacred poetry ► the muse of music ► Erato (er-e-tō) Urania (yoo-rā-nē-a) the muse of astronomy ► Thalia (the-lī-a) the muse of comedy Literary Terms for The Odyssey ► Epic Poem: a long narrative poem about the deeds of a hero; epics are based on historical fact (a blend of legend and truth); gods and goddesses often play a part in epics, either guiding the hero or thwarting his actions Epic Hero: The protagonist in an epic poem; often performs superhuman tasks; also portrays the goals and values of the society. ► Epic Simile: a long simile (taking up several lines) in an epic poem. ► Epic Metaphor: a long metaphor (taking up several lines) in an epic poem ►