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CHAPTER 3
Persians, Hebrews and Greeks:
The Foundations of Western Culture, 1100-336 B.C.E.
The West
Encounters and Transformations
Levack/Muir/Veldman/Maas
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 3: Persians, Hebrews and Greeks: The Foundations of Western Culture, 1100-336 B.C.E.
I. Persia: An Empire on Three Continents
II. Hebrew Civilization and Religion
III. Greece Rebuilds, 1100-479B.C.E.
IV. The Classical Age of Greece, 479-336 B.C.E.
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 3: Persians, Hebrews and Greeks: The Foundations of Western Culture, 1100-336 B.C.E.
I. Persia: An Empire on Three Continents
1400 B.C.E.
migration into western Iran
Medes and Persians
Medes
tribal confederation
dominate by 900 B.C.E.
612 B.C.E., conquer Assyrians
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 3: Persians, Hebrews and Greeks: The Foundations of Western Culture, 1100-336 B.C.E.
I. Persia: An Empire on Three Continents
A. Cyrus the Great (550-330 B.C.E.)
546 B.C.E., Asia Minor
Ionian Greeks
539 B.C.E., Babylonia
Afghanistan
Pasargadae
Cambyses II (529-522 B.C.E.)
son
Egypt
Phoenicia
Royal Road
Toleration
Babylonian exiles released
Zoroastrianism
Zarathustra
Avesta
recorded in 6th century B.C.E.
Ahura Mazda
Angra Mainyu (Ahriman)
Day of Judgment
Official religion
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 3: Persians, Hebrews and Greeks: The Foundations of Western Culture, 1100-336 B.C.E.
I. Persia: An Empire on Three Continents
B. The Achaemenid Dynasty
Darius (522-486 B.C.E.)
Persepolis
Satrapies
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 3: Persians, Hebrews and Greeks: The Foundations of Western Culture, 1100-336 B.C.E.
II. Hebrew Civilization and Religion
A. Settlement in Canaan
c. 1100 B.C.E.
Hapiru
Shiloh
Philistines
Peleset
defeat Hebrews, c. 1050 B.C.E.
Saul, first king. c. 1020 B.C.E.
David, (c. 1000-962 B.C.E.)
B. Israelite Kingdoms
David
capital at Jerusalem
Solomon (c.962-922 B.C.E.)
Temple
merchant fleet
922 B.C.E.
division
Hebrew Prophets
Elijah, Isaiah
Tiglath-Pileser
Deportations
Jeremiah, c. 627 B.C.E.
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 3: Persians, Hebrews and Greeks: The Foundations of Western Culture, 1100-336 B.C.E.
II. Hebrew Civilization and Religion
B. Israelite Kingdoms
David
capital at Jerusalem
Solomon (c.962-922 B.C.E.)
Temple
merchant fleet
922 B.C.E.
division
Hebrew Prophets
Elijah, Isaiah
Tiglath-Pileser
Deportations
Jeremiah, c. 627 B.C.E.
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 3: Persians, Hebrews and Greeks: The Foundations of Western Culture, 1100-336 B.C.E.
II. Hebrew Civilization and Religion
C. Babylonian Exile
587 B.C.E., temple destroyed
Second Temple
reorganization of practice
Judaism
D. Bible
formed after 515 B.C.E.
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 3: Persians, Hebrews and Greeks: The Foundations of Western Culture, 1100-336 B.C.E.
III. Greece Rebuilds, 1100-479 B.C.E.
A. Dark Age, c. 1100-750 B.C.E.
Literacy disappears
Trade, cities decline
Emigration to Ionia
Recovery from 850 B.C.E.
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 3: Persians, Hebrews and Greeks: The Foundations of Western Culture, 1100-336 B.C.E.
III. Greece Rebuilds, 1100-479 B.C.E.
B. Archaic Age, 750-479 B.C.E.
750-650 B.C.E.
ideas from Ionian contact with Phoenicians
Cultural borrowing
gods
words
alphabet
Homer
Iliad, Odyssey
The Polis
acropolis
agora
Colonization, 750-550 B.C.E.
resources, land
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 3: Persians, Hebrews and Greeks: The Foundations of Western Culture, 1100-336 B.C.E.
III. Greece Rebuilds, 1100-479 B.C.E.
B. Archaic Age, 750-479 B.C.E.
Coinage
by 600 B.C.E.
Panhellenic games
Olympic, 776 B.C.E.
Hoplite Revolution
phalanx
tyrants
Sparta
Hoplites
"the Equals"
Messenia
helots
Peloponnesian League
Athens
Attica
Solon (c. 650-570 B.C.E.)
archons
boule
Peisistratus (c.590-528)
Cleisthenes
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 3: Persians, Hebrews and Greeks: The Foundations of Western Culture, 1100-336 B.C.E.
III. Greece Rebuilds, 1100-479 B.C.E.
C. The Persian Wars, 490-479 B.C.E.
Ionia
conquered c. 510 B.C.E.
rebellions, 499 B.C.E.
Marathon, 490 B.C.E.
Hippias, son of Peisistratus
(486 B.C.E., death of Darius)
Salamis, 480 B.C.E.
Themistocles
200 triremes
Xerxes I
480 B.C.E., invasion
Coalition
Leonidas
Thermopylae
Plataea, 479 B.C.E.
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 3: Persians, Hebrews and Greeks: The Foundations of Western Culture, 1100-336 B.C.E.
IV. The Classical Age of Greece, 479-336 B.C.E.
A. The Athenian Empire
Creation of the Empire
Delian League, 478 B.C.E.
460 B.C.E.
with Egypt v. Persia
Pericles (461-429 B.C.E.)
Athens, 40,000
Council
Assembly
Generals
Peloponnesian War, 460-431 B.C.E.
421 B.C.E., 50-year truce
515 B.C.E., Sicilian expedition
Athenian defeat, 404 B.C.E.
30 Tyrants
386 B.C.E., treaty with Persia
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 3: Persians, Hebrews and Greeks: The Foundations of Western Culture, 1100-336 B.C.E.
IV. The Classical Age of Greece, 479-336 B.C.E.
A. The Athenian Empire
Peloponnesian War, 460-431 B.C.E.
421 B.C.E., 50-year truce
515 B.C.E., Sicilian expedition
Athenian defeat, 404 B.C.E.
30 Tyrants
386 B.C.E., treaty with Persia
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 3: Persians, Hebrews and Greeks: The Foundations of Western Culture, 1100-336 B.C.E.
IV. The Classical Age of Greece, 479-336 B.C.E.
B. Society and Religion
Gender
Slavery
up to 1/3
Religion
Panathenaea
Parthenon
Olympian gods
Zeus
Hera
Aphrodite
Apollo
Athena
Ares
Oracles
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 3: Persians, Hebrews and Greeks: The Foundations of Western Culture, 1100-336 B.C.E.
IV. The Classical Age of Greece, 479-336 B.C.E.
C. Intellectual Life
Drama
c. 550 B.C.E.
Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.E.)
Oresteia
Persians
Sophocles (c.496-406 B.C.E.)
Oedipus the King
Antigone
Euripides (c.484-406 B.C.E.)
The Trojan Women
Aristophanes (c.450-388 B.C.E.)
The Birds
Science
Thales of Miletus (c. 625-547 B.C.E.)
Anaximander (c. 610-547 B.C.E.)
On the Nature of Things
Anaximines (c.545-525 B.C.E.)
Heraclitus of Ephesus (c.500 B.C.E.)
Leucippus of Miletus (5th century)
Democritus of Abdera (c.460-370 B.C.E.)
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 3: Persians, Hebrews and Greeks: The Foundations of Western Culture, 1100-336 B.C.E.
IV. The Classical Age of Greece, 479-336 B.C.E.
C. Intellectual Life
History
Herodotus (c.484-420 B.C.E.)
Thucydides (d. c. 400 B.C.E.)
History of the Peloponnesian War
Philosophy
Sophists
Protagoras (c.485-440 B.C.E.)
Socrates (469-399 B.C.E.)
Plato (c.428-347 B.C.E.)
The Republic
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.)
Lyceum
The Arts
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007