Download Speaker: Charles Campbell, MD

In-hospital Cardiac Arrest: First
and foremost,
Chest Compressions
Charles L Campbell MS MD
Associate Professor of Medicine
University of Kentucky College of
Medicine
• No Disclosures
Outline
•
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•
•
•
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IHCA
Hospitals Vary in Outcome
Why
What is recommended
How should it be done
Does it really matter
IHCA is pretty common…
• ˜200,000 in the US
• Survival is 18-20%
• There is tremendous
variability among
hospitals
• Get with the Guidelines
• 135,896
– 20% with Ventricular
fibrillation or Ventricular
tachycardia
– 64% occur in an ICU
• Median Survival Varies
– 8.3% at the lowest Decile
– 31.4 at the highest
JAHA. 2014;3:e000400
JAHA. 2014;3:e000400
Clinical Feature
Odds Ratio
P
VT/VF
3.14
<0.0001
PEA
1.06
0.002
Etiology
Toxicologic
2.36
ICU
1.60
<0.0001
Monitored
1.72
<0.0001
Comorbid Hepatic
insufficiency
0.54
<0.0001
Comorbid Cancer
0.50
<0.0001
Arrest time at
night
0.74
<0.0001
Arrest time
Weekend
0.86
<0.0001
JAHA. 2014;3:e000400
JAHA. 2014;3:e000400
What seems to work?
• Performing ACLS
correctly is associated
with an improvement in
outcome
• MUSC study
• Compared guideline
adherence for survivors
vs. non-survivors
– 75 survivors
– 75 non-survivors
• Survivors older and with
more cormorbidities
Resuscitation. 2013;85:82-87
Resuscitation. 2013;85:82-87
Resuscitation. 2013;85:82-87
Resuscitation. 2013;85:82-87
Resuscitation. 2013;85:82-87
• Each 10% improvement
in adherance results in
a ˜30% increase in
ROSC.
Resuscitation. 2013;85:82-87
What is Happening
• Weisfeldt and Becker
1. Electrical Phase
1. 4 min
2. Defibrillation alone
may be effective
2. Circulator Phase
1. Chest compressions are
necessary
3. Metabolic Phase
4. Stone Heart
JAMA.2002;288:3035-3038
Time course of VF
Circulation. 2005;111:1136-1140 and e294
Hypothermia during VT/VF
J Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 2011;13:17
What is Recommended
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Defibrillation
Chest Compressions
Oxygenation
Medications
Procedures
NEJM 2008;358:9-17
Chest Compressions
• Place patient on a firm surface
– Backboard
– Deflation of air mattress
• Had in the middle of the chest
– 5 cm of depression
– Allow complete recoil
• Lifting the hand completely of the chest can improve
recoil
Circulation. 2010;122:S685-705
How Fast
• Rate 100-120 cpm
• Deliver >80 per minute
– That means minimal interruption
• Duty Cycle
– Time between the start of one compression and
the start of the next
– Target is 50%
– As much time relaxing as compressing
Circulation. 2010;122:S685-705
Circulation. 2005;428-434
Circulation. 2005;428-434
Circulation. 2005;428-434
• ROC consortium (9 sites)
• OHCA in which monitors/defib measured chest compression
rates
• 3098 cases analyzed
Circulation. 2012;125:3004-12
Circulation. 2012;125:3004-12
Compression rate vs Compressions
Delivered
Circulation. 2012;125:3004-12
Circulation Qual Outcomes.2013;6:148-156
Compression Depth
Resuscitation. 2005;64:363-372
Circulation Qual Outcomes.2013;6:148-156
Recoil Matters…
Resuscitation. 2006;71:341-351
Resuscitation. 2006;71:341-351
Resuscitation. 2006;64:353-362
Circulation Qual Outcomes.2013;6:148-156
Resuscitation, 2007;73:54-61
Resuscitation, 2007;73:54-61
Resuscitation, 2007;73:54-61
Resuscitation. 2009;80:743-751
Non-Shockable Rhythms
Circulation. 2012;125:1787-94
Circulation. 2012;125:1787-94
Chest Compressions and Defibrillation
Resuscitation. 2006;71:137-145
Resuscitation. 2006;71:137-145
• Survival from OHCA improved after the implementation of
a protocol that required 90 seconds of CPR prior to the
delivery of a shock via an AED
– 24% to 30%
– Particularly in those in whom the intial response interval was >
4 min.
JAMA. 1999;281:1182-1188
Resuscitation. 2008;77:10-15
Resuscitation. 2008;77:10-15
Resuscitation. 2008;77:10-15
Mechanical CPR?
Conclusions
• Chest Compressions are the cornerstone of
resuscitation
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Rate
Depth
Recoil
Minimizing Interruptions
Feedback is probably helpful
• In some cases chest compressions aid
defibrillation
• Mechanical chest compressors have not been
demonstrated to be helpful