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FINAL EXAM HANDBOOK
PSYC 2301 OBJECTIVES AND KEY TERMS
WOOD, WOOD, & BOYD
MASTERING THE WORLD OF PSYCHOLOGY
5TH EDITION
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
1. Define psychology.
Psychology
2. Define the scientific method and explain how
Scientific method
it is used in psychology.
3. Describe the major schools of thought and
Behaviorism
theoretical perspectives in psychology.
Psychoanalysis
Humanistic psychology
Cognitive psychology
Evolutionary psychology
Biological psychology
Sociocultural approach
4. Define and explain the differences between
Naturalistic observation
the various descriptive research methods.
Laboratory observations
Case study
Survey
Correlation
Correlation coefficient
5. Define representative sample and explain why Population
it is important.
Sample
Representative sample
6. Describe the experimental method, state its
Experimental method
advantages and disadvantages, and distinguish Causal hypothesis
between independent and dependent
Independent variable
variables.
Dependent variable
Experimental group
Control group
Random assignment
7. Explain the rationale behind placebo-control
Placebo effect
experiments.
Placebo
Experimenter bias
Double-blind procedure
8. Outline the ethical standards that
psychological researchers must follow.
CHAPTER 2: BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
1. Describe various methods for studying the
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
brain and its functions.
CT scan (computerized axial tomography)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
PET scan (positron emission tomography)
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI)
2. Identify the basic components of the neuron.
Neuron
Cell body
Dendrites
Axon
Pages
3
3-6
9-14
18-22
19-20
23-25
25-27
28-30
Pages
39-41
41-42
3. Identify the basic components of the synapse.
4. Define the action potential and explain the
processes that occur when a neuron is
activated.
5. Identify the major neurotransmitters and
explain how neurotransmitters affect
behavior.
6.
Explain the difference between the central
and the peripheral nervous systems.
7. Explain the functions of the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous systems.
8. Identify the medulla, pons and cerebellum,
and describe their functions.
9. List the processes regulated by the
hypothalamus.
10. Describe the limbic system, and list the
responses and behaviors affected by it.
Synaptic gap
Synapse
Presynaptic neuron
Postsynaptic neuron
Resting potential
Action potential
42-43
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Endorphins
Peripheral nervous system
Central nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Brain stem
Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum
Hypothalamus
44-46
Table
2.1
Limbic system
Amygdala
Hippocampus
11. Describe the components of the cerebrum and Cerebrum
their functions.
Cerebral hemispheres
Corpus callosum
Cerebral cortex
12. Explain the functions of the frontal lobes.
Association areas
Frontal lobes
Motor cortex
Broca’s area
Broca’s aphasia
13. Explain plasticity.
Plasticity
14. Define the endocrine system and explain the
Endocrine system
influence of the pituitary and adrenal glands
Hormones
on behavior.
Pituitary gland
Adrenal glands
15. Define behavior genetics
Behavior genetics
CHAPTER 3: SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
1. Describe the function of the mirror neuron
Mirror neuron system (MNS)
system (MNS).
CHAPTER 4: CONSCIOUSNESS
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
1. Describe the physical and psychological effects
Meditation
of meditation
CHAPTER 5: LEARNING
Learning Objectives
1. Define and identify examples of learning.
2. Explain the process through which classical
Key Terms
Learning
Classical conditioning
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47
47-49
49-50
51
51-52
52-53
53, 5759
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63-65
67
Pages
99
Pages
128-129
Pages
145
145-149
conditioning modifies an organism’s
responses to stimuli.
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
Unconditioned response (UR)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Conditioned response (CR)
Neutral stimulus
Extinction (in classical conditioning)
Spontaneous recovery
(Stimulus) generalization
(Stimulus) discrimination
3. Summarize the contributions of Pavlov,
Watson, and Skinner to the study of learning.
4. Explain the process through which operant
conditioning modifies an organism’s
responses to stimuli.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Operant conditioning
Reinforcer
Extinction (in operant conditioning)
Generalization
Discriminative stimulus
Reinforcement
Primary reinforcer
Secondary reinforcer
Define shaping.
Shaping
Successive approximations
Explain the difference between positive and
Positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement.
Negative reinforcement
Define punishment and summarize the factors
Positive punishment
that influence its effectiveness.
Negative punishment
Explain the applications of operant
Behavior modification
conditioning theory.
Token economy
Biofeedback
Define observational learning.
Observational learning
CHAPTER 6: MEMORY
Learning Objectives
1. Explain the information-processing approach
to memory.
2. Describe the function and characteristics of
short-term memory.
3. Describe the characteristics of long-term
memory.
4. Describe several techniques for improving
memory.
5. Explain the differences between recall, free
recall, cued recall, and recognition measures
Key Terms
Information processing approach
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Short-term memory
Working memory
Long-term memory
Episodic memory
Semantic memory
Declarative memory (explicit memory)
Nondeclarative memory (implicit
memory)
Elaborative rehearsal
Mnemonics
Organization
Overlearning
Massed practice
Spaced (distributed) practice
Self-references
Visual imaginary
Recall
Free recall
146-147
149-150
154-155
153-156
154
155-156
158-159
162-164
166
Pages
179-180
180-183
183-185
183-186
186
of memory.
6. Explain the roles of schemas in memory.
7. Explain the reasons for forgetting.
Cued recall (retrieval cue)
Recognition
Schema
Encoding failure
Decay theory
Interference
Motivated forgetting
Retrieval failure
Displacement
Eyewitness accounts
188-189
194-197
181
202-203
8. Describe the process of reconstructive
memory.
9. Describe the symptoms and proposed causes
Alzheimer’s disease
of Alzheimer’s disease.
CHAPTER 7: COGNITION, LANGUAGE, AND INTELLIGENCE
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
None
None
CHAPTER 8: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
1. Describe the process of cognitive
Schemes
development according to Piaget.
Assimilation
Accommodation
2. Summarize the characteristics of Piaget’s Sensorimotor stage
four stages of cognitive development.
Object permanence
Preoperational stage
Egocentrism
Concrete operations stage
Conservation
Formal operations stage
3. Explain Kohlberg’s levels and stages of
Preconventional level and stages
moral development.
Conventional level and stages
Postconventional level and stages
4. Summarize the characteristics of
Trust/mistrust
Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial
Autonomy/shame & doubt
development.
Initiative/guilt
Industry/inferiority
Identity/role confusion
Intimacy/isolation
Generativity/stagnation
Ego integrity/despair
5. Explain the differences between crossCross-sectional design
sectional and longitudinal research
Longitudinal design
designs.
6. List the characteristics of the three stages Zygote
of prenatal development.
Period of the zygote (germinal stage)
Period of the embryo
Period of the fetus
7. Explain the effects of teratogens and
Teratogen
other negative factors on prenatal
Fetal alcohol syndrome
development.
8. Describe the relationship between contact Attachment
comfort and attachment.
Separation anxiety
Stranger anxiety
9. Explain the differences between the
Secure attachment
secure, anxious-ambivalent, avoidant,
Avoidant attachment
and disorganized patterns of attachment.
Resistant attachment
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Pages
Pages
253
253-255
259-261
262-264
Supplemental
Reading 1
(See p. 8)
264-265
265-266
268-271
270
10. Explain the effects of authoritarian,
authoritative, and permissive parenting
styles on children’s development.
11. Explain the difference between sex and
gender.
Disorganized/disoriented attachment
Authoritarian parents
Authoritative parents
Permissive parents
Sex
Gender
Gender identity
Social learning theorists
Gender-schema theory
273-274
Supplemental
Reading 2
(See pp. 9-10)
274-275
12. Explain the social learning theory and
gender schema theory explanations of
gender role development.
CHAPTER 9: MOTIVATION AND EMOTION
1. Explain Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Hierarchy of needs
2. Outline the proposed causes of sexual
Sexual orientation
orientation.
CHAPTER 10: HEALTH AND STRESS
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
1. Explain the purpose and structure of the
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS.)
2. Describe the features of post-traumatic
Post-traumatic stress disorder
stress disorder (PTSD).
3. Describe the impact of daily hassles on
Hassles
stress and health.
4. Describe the effects of stress on the immune Biopsychosocial model
system.
Health psychology
Psychoneuroimmunology
5. Describe the stages of the General
General Adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Adaptation Syndrome (GAS).
Alarm stage
Resistance stage
Exhaustion stage
6. Explain the differences between problemProblem-focused coping
focused and emotion-focused coping.
Emotion-focused coping
7. List the factors that influence individual
Resilience (risk/resilience model)
capacity for resisting the effects of stress.
Hardiness
Social support
Reduce irrational thought
CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY THEORY AND ASSESSMENT
Learning Objective
Key Terms
1. Define personality.
Personality
2. Describe the processes that take place in the Conscious
conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
Preconscious
mind.
Unconscious
3. Define and identify the functions of the id,
Id
ego, and superego.
Ego
Superego
4. Explain the purpose of defense mechanisms
Defense mechanism
in Freud’s theory.
Repression
Projection
Denial
Regression
Reaction formation
Displacement
5. Summarize the basic assumptions associated Psychosexual stages
with Freud’s psychosexual stages.
6. Explain the views of humanistic theorists
Humanistic psychology
regarding personality.
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312-313
Pages
330-331
331
331-332
335-338
338-339
340
340-343
Pages
364
364
364-365
365-366
Table
11.1
366-367
370
7. Explain the views of Abraham Maslow on
self-actualization and its role in personality
functioning.
8. Explain the Big Five personality traits.
9. Explain Bandura’s social-cognitive view of
personality.
Self-actualization
371
Traits
Big Five (five-factor model)
Social cognitive theory
Reciprocal determinism
Self-efficacy
372
374-376
378-379
10. Describe the evidence for and against the
view that personality is inherited.
11. Explain the differences between objective
Self-report inventory
(self-report inventory) and projective
Projective test
personality test.
CHAPTER 12: PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
1. List the criteria for abnormal behavior.
Maladaptive/dysfunctional behaviors
Deviation from social/cultural norms
Personal distress
2. Describe the purpose, organization, and
DSM-5
content of the DSM-5.
3. Define and describe the group of disorders
Agoraphobia
called “anxiety disorders.”
Panic disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder
Social anxiety disorder
Specific phobias
4. Describe the features of obsessiveObsessive-compulsive disorders
compulsive disorders.
5. Describe the features of major depression.
Major depressive disorder
6. Summarize the features of bipolar disorder.
Bipolar disorder
Mania (manic episode)
7. Summarize the risk factors for suicide.
8. Describe the features of schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia
9. List the possible causes of schizophrenia.
10. Describe the characteristics of dissociative
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
identity disorder.
11. Summarize the features of the personality
Personality disorders
disorders.
Paranoid personality
Narcissistic personality
Borderline personality
Antisocial personality
CHAPTER 13: THERAPIES
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
1. Describe the effects of substituting rational
Rational emotive behavior therapy
beliefs for irrational ones on emotional
(REBT)
functioning.
2. Explain the difference between a
Psychologist
psychologist and a psychiatrist.
Psychiatrist
3. Summarize the various approaches to
Psychoanalysis
therapy.
Person-centered (client-centered) therapy
Behavior therapy
Cognitive therapy
Biomedical therapy
CHAPTER 14: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
None
None
376-377
381-385
Pages
393-394
395-396
397-400
401-402
403
403-404
406-407
407-408
408-411
412-413
413-414
Table
12.3
Pages
434-435
442
446
Summary
Table
Pages