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Contents
PART ONE
Chapter 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
OVERVIEW
Introduction
What Operating Systems Do 3
Computer-System Organization 6
Computer-System Architecture 12
Operating-System Structure 18
Operating-System Operations 20
Process Management 23
Memory Management 24
Storage Management 25
Chapter 2
Operating-System Services 47
User Operating-System Interface 50
System Calls 53
Types of System Calls 56
System Programs 64
Operating-System Design and
Implementation 66
2.7 Operating-System Structure 68
PART TWO
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Protection and Security 29
Distributed Systems 30
Special-Purpose Systems 31
Computing Environments 34
Open-Source Operating Systems
Summary 40
Exercises 42
Bibliographical Notes 45
37
Operating-System Structures
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
Chapter 3
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
Virtual Machines 74
Operating-System Debugging 82
Operating-System Generation 86
System Boot 87
Summary 88
Exercises 89
Bibliographical Notes 95
PROCESS MANAGEMENT
Processes
Process Concept 99
Process Scheduling 103
Operations on Processes 108
Interprocess Communication 114
Examples of IPC Systems 121
3.6 Communication in Client –
Server Systems 126
3.7 Summary 132
Exercises 133
Bibliographical Notes 143
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Contents
Chapter 4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Overview 145
Multithreading Models
Thread Libraries 151
Threading Issues 157
Chapter 5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
149
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
5.6 Operating System Examples
5.7 Algorithm Evaluation 205
5.8 Summary 210
Exercises 211
Bibliographical Notes 215
198
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
Monitors 236
Synchronization Examples 245
Deadlocks 249
Summary 258
Exercises 259
Bibliographical Notes 273
MEMORY MANAGEMENT
Main Memory
Background 277
Swapping 284
Contiguous Memory Allocation 286
Paging 290
Structure of the Page Table 299
Chapter 8
163
Process Synchronization
PART THREE
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
194
Background 217
The Critical-Section Problem 219
Peterson’s Solution 221
Synchronization Hardware 223
Semaphores 226
Classic Problems of
Synchronization 232
Chapter 7
4.5 Operating-System Examples
4.6 Summary 166
Exercises 166
Bibliographical Notes 173
CPU Scheduling
Basic Concepts 175
Scheduling Criteria 179
Scheduling Algorithms 180
Thread Scheduling 191
Multiple-Processor Scheduling
Chapter 6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
Threads
7.6 Segmentation 304
7.7 Example: The Intel Pentium 307
7.8 Summary 311
Exercises 312
Bibliographical Notes 316
Virtual Memory
Background 319
Demand Paging 323
Copy-on-Write 329
Page Replacement 331
Allocation of Frames 344
Thrashing 348
Memory-Mapped Files 352
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
Allocating Kernel Memory 358
Other Considerations 361
Operating-System Examples 367
Summary 370
Exercises 371
Bibliographical Notes 379
Contents
PART FOUR
Chapter 9
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
STORAGE MANAGEMENT
File-System Interface
File Concept 383
Access Methods 392
Directory and Disk Structure
File-System Mounting 406
File Sharing 408
9.6 Protection 413
9.7 Summary 418
Exercises 419
Bibliographical Notes 421
395
Chapter 10 File-System Implementation
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6 Efficiency and Performance 444
10.7 Recovery 448
10.8 Summary 452
Exercises 453
Bibliographical Notes 455
File-System Structure 423
File-System Implementation 426
Directory Implementation 432
Allocation Methods 433
Free-Space Management 441
Chapter 11 Mass-Storage Structure
11.6 Swap-Space Management 472
11.7 RAID Structure 474
11.8 Summary 483
Exercises 485
Bibliographical Notes 491
11.1 Overview of Mass-Storage
Structure 457
11.2 Disk Structure 460
11.3 Disk Attachment 461
11.4 Disk Scheduling 462
11.5 Disk Management 468
Chapter 12 I/O Systems
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6 STREAMS 518
12.7 Performance 520
12.8 Summary 523
Exercises 524
Bibliographical Notes 526
Overview 493
I/O Hardware 494
Application I/O Interface 503
Kernel I/O Subsystem 509
Transforming I/O Requests to
Hardware Operations 516
PART FIVE
PROTECTION AND SECURITY
Chapter 13 Protection
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
Goals of Protection 529
Principles of Protection 530
Domain of Protection 531
Access Matrix 536
Implementation of Access Matrix
Access Control 543
540
13.7 Revocation of Access Rights 544
13.8 Capability-Based Systems 545
13.9 Summary 548
Exercises 549
Bibliographical Notes 551
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Contents
Chapter 14
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
Security
The Security Problem 553
Program Threats 557
System and Network Threats 565
Cryptography as a Security Tool 570
User Authentication 581
PART SIX
Chapter 15
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
CASE STUDIES
The Linux System
Linux History 595
Design Principles 600
Kernel Modules 603
Process Management 606
Scheduling 609
Memory Management 614
File Systems 623
Chapter 16
PART SEVEN
A.1
A.2
A.3
A.4
A.5
A.6
15.8
15.9
15.10
15.11
15.12
Input and Output 629
Interprocess Communication
Network Structure 633
Security 635
Summary 637
Exercises 638
Bibliographical Notes 639
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
File System 675
Networking 681
Programmer Interface 686
Summary 695
Exercises 696
APPENDICES
The FreeBSD System (contents online)
UNIX History A1
Design Principles A6
Programmer Interface A8
User Interface A15
Process Management A18
Memory Management A22
A.7
A.8
A.9
A.10
File System A24
I/O System A32
Interprocess Communication A35
Summary A40
Exercises A41
Bibliographical Notes A42
Appendix B The Mach System (contents online)
B.1
B.2
B.3
B.4
B.5
631
Windows 7
History 641
Design Principles 643
System Components 650
Terminal Services and Fast User
Switching 674
Appendix A
14.6 An Example: Windows 586
14.7 Summary 587
Exercises 588
Bibliographical Notes 589
History of the Mach System B1
Design Principles B3
System Components B4
Process Management B7
Interprocess Communication B13
B.6 Memory Management B18
B.7 Programmer Interface B23
B.8 Summary B24
Exercises B25
Bibliographical Notes B26
Contents
Appendix C Windows 2000 (contents online)
C.1
C.2
C.3
C.4
C.5
C.6
History C1
Design Principles C2
System Components C3
Environmental Subsystems
File System C21
Networking C28
C19
C.7 Programmer Interface C33
C.8 Summary C40
Exercises C40
Exercises C40
Bibliographical Notes C41
Bibliographical Notes 697
Bibliography (contents online) 699
Credits
723
Index 725
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