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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(5th Ed)
Chapter 15
Psychological Disorders
James A. McCubbin, PhD
Clemson University
Worth Publishers
Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorder
a condition in which behavior is
judged:
atypical- not enough in itself
disturbing- varies with time & culture
maladaptive- harmful
unjustifiable- sometimes there’s a good
reason
Historical Perspective
Perceived Causes
movements of sun or moon
lunacy- full moon
evil spirits
Ancient Treatments
exorcism, caged like animals, beaten,
burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced
with animal’s blood
Psychological Disorders
Medical Model
concept that diseases have physical causes
can be diagnosed, treated, and in most
cases, cured
assumes that these “mental” illnesses can be
diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms
and cured through therapy, which may
include treatment in a psychiatric hospital
Psychological Disorders
Biological
(Evolution,
individual
genes, brain
structures
and chemistry)
Sociocultural
(Roles, expectations,
definition of normality
and disorder)
Bio-psycho-social
Perspective
assumes that
biological,
sociocultural, and
psychological factors
Psychological
combine and interact
(Stress, trauma,
learned helplessness,
to produce
mood-related perceptions
and memories)
psychological
disorders
Psychological
Disorders- Etiology
DSM-IV
American Psychiatric Association’s
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition)
a widely used system for classifying
psychological disorders
Psychological
Disorders- Etiology
Neurotic disorder (term seldom used now)
usually distressing but that allows one to
think rationally and function socially
Freud saw the neurotic disorders as ways of
dealing with anxiety
Psychotic disorder
person loses contact with reality
experiences irrational ideas and distorted
perceptions
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive
behaviors that reduce anxiety
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
client is tense, apprehensive, and in a state
of autonomic nervous system arousal
Phobia
persistent, irrational fear of a specific object
or situation
Anxiety Disorders
Common and uncommon fears
100
Percentage 90
of people 80
surveyed
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Snakes Being Mice Flying Being Spiders Thunder Being Dogs
in high,
on an closed in, and
and alone
exposed
airplane in a
insects lightning In a
places
small
house
place
at night
Afraid of it
Bothers slightly
Not at all afraid of it
Driving Being Cats
a car
In a
crowd
of people
Anxiety Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
characterized by unwanted repetitive
thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions
(compulsions)
Panic Disorder
marked by a minutes-long episode of intense
dread in which a person experiences terror
and accompanying chest pain, choking, or
other frightening sensation
Anxiety Disorders
Common Obsessions and Compulsions Among
People With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Thought or Behavior
Percentage*
Reporting Symptom
Obsessions (repetitive thoughts)
Concern with dirt, germs, or toxins
40
Something terrible happening (fire, death, illness)
40
Symmetry order, or exactness
24
Compulsions (repetitive behaviors)
Excessive hand washing, bathing, tooth brushing,
or grooming
85
Repeating rituals (in/out of a door,
up/down from a chair)
Checking doors, locks, appliances,
car brake, homework
51
46
Dissociative
Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
conscious awareness becomes
separated (dissociated) from previous
memories, thoughts, and feelings
Dissociative Amnesia
selective memory loss often brought on
by extreme stress
Dissociative
Disorders
Dissociative Fugue
flight from one’s home and identity
accompanies amnesia
Dissociative Identity Disorder
rare dissociative disorder in which a person
exhibits two or more distinct and alternating
personalities
formerly called multiple personality disorder
Mood Disorders
Mood Disorders
characterized by emotional extremes
Major Depressive Disorder
a mood disorder in which a person, for
no apparent reason, experiences two or
more weeks of depressed moods,
feelings of worthlessness, and
diminished interest or pleasure in most
activities
Mood Disorders
Mania
a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive,
wildly optimistic state
Bipolar Disorder
a mood disorder in which the person
alternates between the hopelessness and
lethargy of depression and the overexcited
state of mania
formerly called manic-depressive disorder
Mood DisordersSuicide
Suicides per 70
100,000 people 60
50
The higher suicide rate
among men greatly
increases in late
adulthood
40
30
20
10
0
15-24 25-34 35-44 45-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+
Males
Females
Mood DisordersSuicide
Suicide rate
per 100,000
people
In recent decades teen
suicides have soared
12
8
4
0
1960
Ages 15-19
1993
All Ages
Mood DisordersDepression
25
Percentage
of population
aged 18-84
experiencing
major
depression
at some
point In life
Around the world
women are more
susceptible to
depression
20
20
15
15
10
10
55
00
USA Edmonton Puerto
Rico
Males
Females
Paris
West
Florence Beirut
Germany
Taiwan
Korea
New
Zealand
Mood DisordersBipolar
PET scans show that brain energy consumption
rises and falls with emotional swings
Depressed state
Manic state
Depressed state
Mood DisordersDepression
Brain
chemistry
Cognition
Mood
Altering any one
component of
the chemistrycognition-mood
circuit can alter
the others
Mood DisordersDepression
1
Stressful
experiences
4
Cognitive and
behavioral changes
2
Negative
explanatory style
3
Depressed
mood
The vicious cycle
of depression
can be broken at
any point
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
literal translation “split mind”
a group of severe psychotic disorders
characterized by:
disorganized and delusional thinking
disturbed perceptions
inappropriate emotions and actions
Schizophrenia
Delusions
false beliefs, often of persecution or
grandeur, that may accompany
psychotic disorders
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences such as seeing
something without any external visual
stimulus
Schizophrenia
Subtypes of Schizophrenia
Paranoid:
Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations
Disorganized:
Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate
emotion
Catatonic:
Immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement),
extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of
another’s speech or movements
Undifferentiated
or residual:
Schizophrenia symptoms without fitting one of the
above types
Schizophrenia
Lifetime risk 40
of developing
schizophrenia 30
for relatives of
a schizophrenic
20
10
0
General
population
Siblings
Children
Fraternal Children
Identical
twin
of two
twin
schizophrenia
victims
Personality Disorders
Personality Disorders
disorders characterized by inflexible
and enduring behavior patterns that
impair social functioning
usually without anxiety, depression, or
delusions
Personality Disorders
Antisocial Personality Disorder
disorder in which the person (usually
male) exhibits a lack of conscience for
wrongdoing, even toward friends and
family members
may be aggressive and ruthless or a
clever con artist
Personality Disorders
Adrenaline 15
Excretion(ng/min.)
Those with criminal
convictions have lower
levels of arousal
10
5
0
Nonstressful
situation
Stressful
situation
No criminal conviction
Criminal conviction
Personality Disorders
35
30
Percentage
of criminal
offenders
25
20
15
10
5
0
Total crime
Childhood
poverty
Thievery
Obstetrical
complications
Violence
Both poverty
and obstetrical
complications
Rates of Psychological
Disorders
Percentage of Americans Who Have Ever Experienced Psychological Disorders
Ethnicity
Gender
Disorder
White
Black
Hispanic
Men
Women
Totals
Alcohol abuse
or dependence
13.6%
13.8%
16.7%
23.8%
4.6%
13.8%
Generalized anxiety
3.4
6.1
3.7
2.4
5.0
3.8
Phobia
9.7
23.4
12.2
10.4
17.7
14.3
Obsessive-compulsive
disorder
2.6
2.3
1.8
2.0
3.0
2.6
Mood disorder
8.0
6.3
7.8
5.2
10.2
7.8
Schizophrenic
disorder
1.4
2.1
0.8
1.2
1.7
1.5
Antisocial personality
disorder
2.6
2.3
3.4
4.5
0.8
2.6