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Prepared by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
CHAPTER
2
Basic
Chemistry
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Matter and Energy
•Matter:
•Energy:
•Chemical
•Electrical
•Mechanical
•Radiant
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Composition of Matter
•Elements:
•96 percent of the body = four elements
•C
•O
•H
•N
•Atoms—building blocks of elements
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Subatomic Particles
•Nucleus
•Protons
•Neutrons
•Orbiting the nucleus
•Electrons
•Number of protons equals numbers of
electrons in an atom
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Nucleus
Nucleus
Helium atom
Helium atom
2 protons (p+)
2 neutrons (n0)
2 electrons (e–)
2 protons (p+)
2 neutrons (n0)
2 electrons (e–)
(a) Planetary model
(b) Orbital model
KEY:
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= Proton
= Electron
= Neutron
= Electron cloud
Figure 2.1
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Figure 2.2
Identifying Elements
•Atomic number:
•Atomic mass number:
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Isotopes and Atomic Weight
•Isotopes
•Atoms of an element with the same:
•Vary in:
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Figure 2.3
Isotopes and Atomic Weight
•Atomic weight when isotopes occur =
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Radioactivity
•Radioisotope
•Stability?
•Decomposes:
•Radioactivity:
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IONS
•Ions:
•Properties as compared to atoms
Na atom
A Sodium Atom loses its
outer electron to become
a Sodium Ion
Na+1 ion or Na+ ion
+
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Ions …
an Electron
+
Cl atom
A Chlorine Atom gains an
electron from another atom
Cl ¯1 ion or Cl ¯ ion
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Figure 2.4
Molecules and Compounds
•Molecule—two or more atoms, of the same or
different types, combined chemically
•Compound—two or more atoms of different
elements combined chemically
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III-B CHEMICAL FORMULAS
•
2H2O
The number of _____________
The number of ______________
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III-C CHEMICAL BONDS
•Bonding involves interactions between
electrons in outer part of 2 atoms
•One CHEMICAL BOND = ____ electrons
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1. ELECTROVALENT, or, IONIC Bonds
•Ionic bonds = __________________________
• Salt (NaCl) Example
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2. COVALENT BONDS
•Covalent bonds:
•Two Types of Covalent Bonds
a) Non Polar
b) Polar
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a) Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
Figure 2.7a
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b) Polar Covalent Bonds: Polarity
• Electrons __?__ shared
• Example: WATER
The Oxygen: _______
___________________
-1/2
The Hydrogens: _____
___________________
+1/2
+1/2
RESULT = ___________
Figure 2.8
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Between Water Molecules-- creates surface tension
Figure 2.9
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Chemical Reactions
• Chemical Reactions:
• REACTANTS =
• PRODUCTS =
• Bonds broken in ______________
• Atoms rearranged
• New bonds in _______________
H2O
+
Reactants
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CO2
--->
--->
H2CO3
Products
II-D-6 Types of Chemical Reactions
a) Synthesis reaction =
•Example: Synthesis of Proteins
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b) Decomposition Reactions
•Example: Glycogen is broken down into ______
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Patterns of Chemical Reactions
•Exchange reaction:
•Example:
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Parts moved around
SOLUTIONS
• SOLUTION = a mixture of chemicals in a liquid
- AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS = the liquid is WATER
•
Solvent: the liquid
•
Solute: the dissolved chemicals
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•
The Concentration of a Solution: can use percentages
% Solvent + % Solutes = 100%
•
The Movement of chemicals in Solutions
1. Diffusion:
2. Osmosis:
water
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Biochemistry: Essentials for Life
•Organic compounds
•framework of ____________
•Examples:
•Inorganic compounds
•No “C” framework
•simpler
•Examples
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Important Inorganic Compounds
•Water -- STUDENTS READ IN TEXT
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Inorganic Compounds …
•Salts
•ions
•Vital
• some conduct electrical currents
•Examples:
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H
–
+
O
H
+
Water molecule
Na+
Na+
Cl–
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Salt
crystal
Cl–
Ions in
solution
Figure 2.11
Inorganic Compounds …
•Acids
•Release ______________ (H+)
•Bases
•Release hydroxyl ions (OH–)
•Are ______________ acceptors
•Neutralization reaction
•Acids + bases - water + salt
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pH
•concentration of hydrogen ions
•Neutral =
•Acidic =
•Basic =
•Buffers—regulate pH change
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ORGANIC CHEMICALS
•Fossil Fuels
•Biochemicals
•Carbohydrates
•Lipids
•Proteins
•Nucleic Acids
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Important Organic Compounds
•Carbohydrates
•Elements:
• Ratio of Hydrogen to Oxygen:
•General Function:
•Classification
• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides
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Important Organic Compounds …
•Lipids
•Elements:
•Ratio of H to C:
•Solubility in water:
•Types
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Lipids
•Types
•Neutral fats (triglycerides)
•Location:
•Function:
•Composed of:
Glycerol & 3 Fatty Acids
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Saturated Fats
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Figure 2.16a
Un-Saturated Fat
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Figure 2.16b
Lipids …
• Types …
•Phospholipids
•Composition:
•Function:
•Important Characteristic:
Glycerol + 2 Fatty Acids
Phosphate
(Charged)
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Lipids …
•Steroids
•Have rings
•Cholesterol is the basis for all steroids
made in the body
• Function:
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Important Organic Compounds …
•Proteins
•Elements:
•Subunit:
•structure
•R group
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Level of Complexity in Structure
(a) Primary structure.
sequence of
amino acids.
Amino
acids
Hydrogen bonds
Amino
acids
(b) Secondary structure.
Initial Folding into
2-D structure
Alphahelix
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-pleated sheet
Figure 2.18a-b
Tertiary Structure
3-D
Quaternary Structure
Two or more
polypetides
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Figure 2.18c-d
Proteins– Structure & Function
•Fibrous proteins, Structural proteins
•Function
•Stability
•Examples:
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Figure 2.19a
Proteins
•3-D proteins have specific Functions
•Stability– Denaturation
•Functions:
•Carriers
•Long-distance transport
•Hormones
•Enzymes
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Heme group
Globin
protein
(b) Hemoglobin molecule composed of the
protein globin and attached heme groups.
(Globin is a globular or functional protein.)
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Figure 2.19b
Enzymes
•Function:
•How Function:
• active site
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Energy is Water is
absorbed; released.
bond is
H2O
formed.
Substrates (S)
e.g., amino acids
+
Product (P)
e.g., dipeptide
Peptide
bond
Active site
Enzyme-substrate
complex (E-S)
Enzyme (E)
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1 Substrates bind to active
site. Enzyme changes shape
to hold substrates in proper
position.
2 Structural changes
occur, resulting in the
product.
Enzyme (E)
3 Product is released.
Enzyme returns to
original shape, ready
to catalyze another
reaction.
Figure 2.20
Important Organic Compounds
•Nucleic Acids
•Types:
•Built from nucleotides
•Pentose (5 carbon) sugar
•A phosphate group
•A nitrogenous base
• A = Adenine
• G = Guanine
• C = Cytosine
• T = Thymine
• U = Uracil.
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Deoxyribose
Phosphate sugar
Adenine (A)
(a) Adenine nucleotide
(Chemical structure)
KEY:
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Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Figure 2.21a
Nucleic Acids
•DNA
• Location
•Structure:
•Type sugar: deoxyribose
• Bases:
• Function:
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Hydrogen bond
Deoxyribose
sugar
Phosphate
(d) Diagram of a DNA molecule
KEY:
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Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Figure 2.21c-d
Nucleic Acids
•Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
•Structure:
•Sugar
•Bases
•Types
•Function:
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Released mRNA
Nucleic Acid Derivatives
•Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
•Modified Nucleotide of adenine with three
phosphate groups
•Function: __________________________
•Examples
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(a) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Adenosine diphosphate
(ADP)
(b) Hydrolysis of ATP
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Figure 2.22a-b
(a) Chemical work. ATP provides the
energy needed to drive energyabsorbing chemical reactions.
Solute
Membrane
protein
(b) Transport work. ATP drives the
transport of certain solutes (amino
acids, for example) across cell
membranes.
Relaxed
smooth
muscle cell
Contracted
smooth
muscle cell
(c) Mechanical work. ATP activates
contractile proteins in muscle cells
so that the cells can shorten and
perform mechanical work.
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Figure 2.23a-c