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Principles of Anatomy
and Physiology
Thirteenth Edition
Gerard J. Tortora • Bryan H. Derrickson
Chapter 21
The Cardiovascular System:
Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
TUNICA INTERNA:
Endothelium
Basement membrane
Valve
Internal elastic lamina
TUNICA MEDIA:
Smooth muscle
External elastic
lamina
TUNICA EXTERNA
Lumen
(a) Artery
Lumen
(b) Vein
Lumen
Basement membrane
Endothelium
(c) Capillary
Internal elastic
lamina
External elastic
lamina
Tunica externa
Lumen with blood
cells
Tunica interna
Tunica media
Connective tissue
(d) Transverse section through an artery
LM
200x
Connective tissue
Red blood cell
LM
(e) Red blood cells passing through a capillary
600x
Capillary endothelial
cells
Aorta and elastic arteries
Blood flows
toward capillaries
Left atrium
Blood continues to flow
toward capillaries
Left ventricle relaxes
(diastole) and fills
with blood
Left ventricle
contracts (systole)
and ejects blood
(a) Elastic aorta and arteries stretch
during ventricular contraction
(b) Elastic aorta and arteries recoil
during ventricular relaxation
Smooth muscle fiber
Endothelium
ARTERIOLE
METARTERIOLE
Precapillary
sphincters (relaxed)
CAPILLARY
CAPILLARY BED
Thoroughfare channel
POSTCAPILLARY
VENULE
Smooth muscle
fiber
MUSCULAR VENULE
Endothelium
To heart
(a) Sphincters relaxed: blood flowing through capillaries
ARTERIOLE
METARTERIOLE
Precapillary
sphincters
(contracted)
MUSCULAR
VENULE
Thoroughfare channel
To heart
(b) Sphincters contracted: blood flowing through thoroughfare channel
Pinocytic vesicle
Basement membrane
Nucleus of endothelial cell
Lumen
Intercellular cleft
(a) Continuous capillary formed by endothelial cells
Fenestration (pore)
Intercellular cleft
Basement
membrane
Lumen
Nucleus of
endothelial cell
Pinocytic vesicle
(b) Fenestrated capillary
Incomplete basement
membrane
Lumen
Nucleus of
endothelial cell
Intercellular
cleft
(c) Sinusoid
Cusps of valve
Transverse plane
Vein
Transverse section, superior view
Frontal plane
Cusps of valve
Longitudinally cut
Photographs of valve in vein
Pulmonary
vessels
9%
Heart
7%
Systemic
arteries and
arterioles
13%
Systemic
capillaries
7%
Systemic veins and venules
(blood reservoirs)
64%
Lymphatic fluid
(lymph) returns to
Lymphatic
capillary
Blood plasma
Tissue
cell
Interstitial
IFOP = fluid
Blood flow from arteriole
into capillary
1 mmHg
BHP =
16 mmHg
BCOP =
26 mmHg
N
F
P
N
F
P
Net filtration at arterial end of
capillaries (20 liters per day)
=
Result
(BHP + IFOP)
Blood flow from capillary
into venule
IFHP =
0 mmHg
BHP =
BCOP =
35 mmHg 26 mmHg
Net filtration
pressure (NFP)
Key:
BHP = Blood hydrostatic pressure
IFHP = Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
BCOP = Blood colloid osmotic pressure
IFOP = Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
NFP = Net filtration pressure
Net reabsorption at venous end of
capillaries (17 liters per day)
–
(BCOP + IFHP)
Pressures promoting filtration
Pressures promoting reabsorption
Arterial end
Venous end
NFP = (35 + 1) – (26 + 0)
= 10 mmHg
NFP = (16 + 1) – (26 + 0)
= –9 mmHg
Net filtration
Net reabsorption
140
120
Systolic blood
pressure
Pressure (mmHg)
100
80
60
40
20
0
Diastolic blood
pressure
Proximal
valve
Distal
valve
1
2
3
Increased blood
volume
Decreased
parasympathetic
impulses
Skeletal muscle pump
Respiratory
pump
Increased sympathetic
impulses and hormones
from adrenal medulla
Increased
heart rate
(HR)
Increased
stroke volume
(SV)
Venoconstriction
Increased
venous
return
Increased number
of red blood cells,
as in polycythemia
Increased
blood
viscosity
Increased cardiac
output (CO)
Increased
body size, as
in obesity
Increased total
blood vessel
length
Increased systemic vascular
resistance (SVR)
Increased mean arterial
pressure (MAP)
Decreased blood
vessel radius
(vasoconstriction)
Cross-sectional
area
Velocity
INPUT TO CARDIOVASCULAR CENTER
(nerve impulses)
From higher brain centers: cerebral cortex,
limbic system, and hypothalamus
From proprioceptors: monitor joint movements
From baroreceptors: monitor blood pressure
From chemoreceptors: monitor blood acidity
(H+), CO2, and O2
Vagus nerves
(parasympathetic)
Cardiovascular
(CV) center
OUTPUT TO EFFECTORS
(increased frequency of nerve impulses)
Heart: decreased rate
Cardiac accelerator
nerves (sympathetic)
Heart: increased rate and contractility
Vasomotor nerves
(sympathetic)
Blood vessels: vasoconstriction
Glossopharyngeal nerves
(cranial nerve IX)
Cardiovascular
(CV) center
Baroreceptors in
carotid sinus
Baroreceptors in
arch of aorta
Medulla oblongata
Vagus nerves
(cranial nerve X,
parasympathetic)
SA node
AV node
Ventricular
myocardium
Spinal cord
Key:
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Motor (efferent) neurons
Cardiac accelerator
nerve (sympathetic)
Sympathetic trunk
ganglion
Some stimulus
disrupts homeostasis
by
Decreasing
Blood pressure
Receptors
Baroreceptors in arch of
aorta and carotid sinus
are stretched less
Decreased rate of nerve
impulses
Control centers
Return to homeostasis
Input
CV center in
medulla oblongata
and adrenal medulla
Increased sympathetic,
decreased parasympathetic
stimulation
Output
Effectors
Increased
stroke volume
and heart rate
lead to
increased
cardiac output
(CO)
when increased cardiac
output and increased
vascular resistance
bring blood pressure
back to normal
Constriction
of blood
vessels
increases
systemic
vascular
resistance
(SVR)
Increased blood pressure
Increased
secretion of
epinephrine and
norepinephrine
from adrenal
medulla
Superficial
temporal artery
Facial artery
Femoral artery
Common carotid
artery
Brachial
artery
Popliteal artery
Radial artery
Dorsal artery of the foot
(dorsalis pedis artery)
140
Pressure in cuff
Pressure (mmHg)
120
100
80
60
Systolic blood pressure
(first sound heard)
Diastolic blood pressure
(last sound heard)
Time
Hypovolemic shock
disrupts homeostasis by
Moderately
decreasing
Blood volume and
blood pressure
Receptors
Baroreceptors in
kidneys
(juxtaglomerular
cells)
Inputs
Baroreceptors in
arch of aorta and
carotid sinus
Decreased rate of
nerve impulses
Increased
secretion of renin
Control center
Angiotensinogen
in blood
Control center
Hypothalamus and
posterior pituitary
Control center
Cardiovascular center
in medulla oblongata
ADH
Angiotensin II in blood
ADH in blood
Outputs
Return to homeostasis
when responses bring
blood volume and
blood pressure back to
normal
Increased sympathetic
stimulation and hormones
from adrenal medulla
Effectors
Adrenal cortex
liberates
aldosterone
Kidneys
conserve salt
and water
Increased
blood volume
Blood
vessels
constrict
Increased systemic vascular resistance
Heart rate and
contractility
increase
Increased
blood
pressure
= Oxygenated blood
= Deoxygenated blood
Internal jugular vein
Systemic capillaries of head,
neck, and upper limbs
Common carotid artery
Aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary capillaries of left lung
Superior vena cava
Left pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Celiac trunk
Inferior vena cava
Common hepatic artery
Splenic artery
Hepatic vein
Left gastric artery
Sinusoids of liver
Capillaries of spleen
Hepatic portal vein
Capillaries of stomach
Systemic capillaries of gastrointestinal tract
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
Common iliac vein
Common iliac artery
Internal iliac vein
Internal iliac artery
External iliac vein
External iliac artery
Systemic capillaries of pelvis
Arterioles
Venules
Systemic capillaries of lower limbs
Right internal carotid
Right external carotid
Right vertebral
Left common carotid
Right common carotid
Left subclavian
Right subclavian
ARCH OF AORTA
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left axillary
ASCENDING AORTA
THORACIC AORTA
Right brachial
Diaphragm
Left gastric
ABDOMINAL AORTA
Celiac trunk
Splenic
Common hepatic
Left renal
Right radial
Left
external
iliac
Left internal
iliac
Right renal
Right ulnar
Right deep palmar arch
Right superficial palmar arch
Right deep
femoral
Left femoral
Superior mesenteric
Left gonadal (testicular or ovarian)
Inferior mesenteric
Left common iliac
Left common palmar digital
Left proper palmar digital
Left deep femoral
Left popliteal
Left anterior tibial
Left posterior tibial
Left fibular (peroneal)
Left dorsal artery of foot (dorsalis pedis)
Left arcuate
Left dorsal metatarsal
Left dorsal digital
(a) Overall anterior view of the principal branches of aorta
Left common carotid
Left vertebral
Right common carotid
Left subclavian
Right vertebral
ARCH OF AORTA
Right subclavian
Axillary
Brachiocephalic trunk
THORACIC AORTA
ASCENDING AORTA
Mediastinals
Bronchials
Left brachial
Esophageals
Pericardials
Left superior phrenic
Right posterior intercostal
Left inferior phrenic
Diaphragm
Left gastric
Right inferior phrenic
Splenic
Common hepatic
Left middle suprarenal (adrenal)
Celiac trunk
Left renal
Right middle suprarenal (adrenal)
Superior mesenteric
Left gonadal (testicular or ovarian)
Right renal
ABDOMINAL AORTA
Right gonadal (testicular or ovarian)
Inferior mesenteric
Right lumbars
Left common iliac
Inguinal ligament
Left internal iliac
Left external iliac
Median sacral
Left deep artery of the thigh (deep
femoral)
Left femoral
(b) Detailed anterior view of the principal branches of the aorta
SCHEME OF DISTRIBUTION
Ascending aorta
Right coronary artery
Posterior
interventricular
branch
Marginal
branch
Left coronary artery
Anterior
interventricular
branch
Circumflex
branch
Arch of aorta
ASCENDING AORTA
Arch of aorta
ASCENDING
AORTA
Pulmonary trunk
LEFT CORONARY
RIGHT CORONARY
Left auricle
Right auricle
CIRCUMFLEX BRANCH
Right atrium
POSTERIOR
INTERVENTRICULAR
BRANCH
ANTERIOR
INTERVENTRICULAR
BRANCH
ANTERIOR
CARDIAC VEIN
MARGINAL BRANCH
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Left pulmonary artery
Pulmonary trunk
Left auricle
GREAT CARDIAC
VEIN
LEFT MARGINAL
BRANCH
TRIBUTARY TO
GREAT CARDIAC
VEIN
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Anterior view of coronary arteries and their major branches
SCHEME OF DISTRIBUTION
Basilar
Right
posterior
cerebral
Right
anterior Right middle
cerebral
cerebral
Right
vertebral
Right
subclavian
Right axillary
Right
external
carotid
Right internal
carotid
Left
posterior
cerebral
Left anterior Left middle
cerebral
cerebral
Left internal Left external
carotid
carotid
Left
vertebral
Right common carotid
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid
Left
subclavian
Right brachial
Arch of aorta
Right
radial
Right
ulnar
Right
Right deep
superficial
palmar
palmar arch
arch
Right
Right
common
palmar
palmar digital metacarpal
Right proper palmar digital
Left axillary (gives rise to
same branches as right
axillary, except that arteries
are labeled left instead of
right)
Right common carotid
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid
Right vertebral
Left subclavian
Right subclavian
Arch of aorta
Right axillary
Right brachial
Right internal thoracic
(mammary)
Right radial
Right ulnar
Right deep palmar arch
Right palmar metacarpal
Right superficial palmar arch
(a) Anterior view of branches of
brachiocephalic trunk in upper limb
Right common palmar digital
Right proper palmar digital
Right superficial temporal
Right maxillary
Right internal carotid
Right facial
Right external carotid
Right common carotid
Right subclavian
Right vertebral
Right axillary
Clavicle
First rib
Brachiocephalic trunk
(b) Right lateral view of branches of brachiocephalic trunk in neck and head
ANTERIOR
Frontal lobe of cerebrum
Cerebral arterial circle
(circle of Willis):
Anterior cerebral
Middle cerebral
Anterior communicating
Temporal lobe of
cerebrum
Internal carotid
Posterior communicating
Pons
Posterior cerebral
Basilar
Medulla oblongata
Vertebral
Cerebellum
POSTERIOR
(c) Inferior view of base of brain showing cerebral arterial circle
Left subclavian
Clavicle (cut)
Right common carotid
First rib (cut)
Right subclavian
Trachea
Left axillary
Brachiocephalic
Left common carotid
Vagus nerve (recurrent
laryngeal branch)
Right internal thoracic
(mammary)
Phrenic nerve
Arch of aorta
Left lung
Pulmonary trunk
Heart
(d) Anterior view of branches of arch of aorta
SCHEME OF DISTRIBUTION
Thoracic aorta
Parietal branches
Visceral branches
Pericardial
Posterior intercostal
Bronchial
Subcostal
Esophageal
Superior phrenic
Mediastinal
Left common carotid
Left vertebral
Right common carotid
Left subclavian
Right vertebral
ARCH OF AORTA
Right subclavian
Axillary
Brachiocephalic trunk
THORACIC AORTA
ASCENDING AORTA
Mediastinals
Bronchials
Left brachial
Esophageals
Pericardials
Left superior phrenic
Right posterior intercostal
Left inferior phrenic
Diaphragm
Left gastric
Right inferior phrenic
Splenic
Common hepatic
Left middle suprarenal (adrenal)
Celiac trunk
Left renal
Right middle suprarenal (adrenal)
Superior mesenteric
Left gonadal (testicular or ovarian)
Right renal
ABDOMINAL AORTA
Right gonadal (testicular or ovarian)
Inferior mesenteric
Right lumbars
Left common iliac
Inguinal ligament
Left internal iliac
Left external iliac
Median sacral
Left deep artery of the thigh (deep
femoral)
Left femoral
Detailed anterior view of principal branches of aorta
SCHEME OF DISTRIBUTION
Abdominal aorta
Visceral branches
1. Celiac trunk
Parietal branches
1. Inferior phrenic
2. Lumbar
Left gastric
Pancreatic
Splenic
Common
hepatic
Left
gastroepiploic
Short
gastric
3. Median sacral
Hepatic
artery proper
2. Superior mesenteric
Inferior
Jejunal Ileocolic
Right
Middle
Pancreaticocolic
colic
duodenal
3. Suprarenal
4. Renal
5. Gonadal (testicular or ovarian)
6. Inferior mesenteric
Left colic
Sigmoid
Superior
rectal
Right
gastric
Gastroduodenal
Stomach (turned upward)
Left gastroepiploic
Right gastroepiploic
Short gastrics
Right gastric
Diaphragm
Celiac trunk
Left gastric
Proper hepatic
Spleen
Splenic
Common hepatic
Pancreatic
Gastroduodenal
Pancreas
Superior
pancreaticoduodenal
Superior mesenteric
Jejunum of small intestine
Duodenum of small
intestine
Abdominal aorta
(a) Anterior view of celiac trunk and its branches
Transverse colon
of large intestine
Middle colic
Superior mesenteric
Inferior
pancreaticoduodenal
Jejunum
Right colic
Jejunals
Ileocolic
Ileals
Inferior mesenteric
Ascending colon
of large intestine
Ileum of
small intestine
Appendix
(b) Anterior view of superior mesenteric artery and its branches
Transverse colon of large
intestine
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric
Left colic
Abdominal aorta
Anastomosis between left
colic and sigmoid
Common iliac
Descending colon of large
intestine
Sigmoids
Superior rectal
Sigmoid colon
Rectum of large intestine
(c) Anterior view of inferior mesenteric artery and its branches
Hepatic veins
Diaphragm
Esophageal hiatus
Inferior vena cava
Common hepatic
Right adrenal (suprarenal)
gland
Splenic
Right kidney
Celiac trunk
Superior mesenteric
Right renal
Abdominal aorta
Right common iliac
Inferior mesenteric
Right internal iliac
Ureter
Right external iliac
(d) Anterior view of arteries of abdomen and pelvis
SCHEME OF DISTRIBUTION
Abdominal aorta
Right common iliac
Right external iliac
Right femoral
Right popliteal
Right anterior tibial
Right internal iliac
Right deep artery of the
thigh (deep peroneal)
Right posterior tibial
Right dorsal artery
of foot (dorsalis pedis)
Right fibular (peroneal)
Right arcuate
Right dorsal Right lateral
metatarsal
plantar
Right dorsal
digital
Right plantar
arch
Right plantar
metatarsal
Right plantar
digital
Right medial
plantar
Left common iliac
(gives rise to same branches as right
common iliac, except that arteries are
labeled left instead of right)
Abdominal
aorta
Right common iliac
Left
common
iliac
Right internal iliac
Right external iliac
Right deep
artery of the
thigh (deep
femoral)
Right femoral
Right popliteal
Right anterior tibial
Right posterior tibial
Right fibular (peroneal)
Right dorsal artery of
foot (dorsalis pedis)
Right arcuate
Right dorsal
metatarsal
Right dorsal digital
(a) Anterior view
(b) Posterior view
Right lateral plantar
Right medial plantar
Right plantar arch
Right plantar metatarsal
Right plantar digital
Superior sagittal sinus
Right internal jugular
Inferior sagittal sinus
Right external jugular
Straight sinus
Right subclavian
Right transverse sinus
Sigmoid sinus
Right brachiocephalic
Pulmonary trunk
Coronary sinus
Great cardiac
Hepatic portal
Splenic
Superior mesenteric
Superior vena cava
Right axillary
Right cephalic
Right hepatic
Right brachials
Right median cubital
Right basilic
Right radial
Right median antebrachial
Right ulnar
Right palmar venous plexus
Right palmar digital
Right proper palmar digital
Left renal
Inferior mesenteric
Inferior vena cava
Left common iliac
Left internal iliac
Left external iliac
Left femoral
Left great saphenous
Left popliteal
Left small saphenous
Left anterior tibial
Left posterior tibial
Left dorsal venous arch
Left dorsal metatarsal
Left dorsal digital
Overall anterior view of principal veins
SCHEME OF DRAINAGE
Inferior sagittal sinus
Superior sagittal sinus
Straight sinus
Cavernous sinuses
Right transverse sinus
Left transverse sinus
Right sigmoid sinus
Left sigmoid sinus
Right
external
jugular
Left
external
jugular
Right
subclavian
Left internal
jugular
Right internal
jugular
Left
subclavian
Right vertebral
Left vertebral
Left brachiocephalic
Right brachiocephalic
Superior vena cava
Superior sagittal sinus
Right cavernous sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus
Great cerebral
Right ophthalmic
Straight sinus
Inferior petrosal sinus
Right transverse sinus
Right sigmoid sinus
Right superficial temporal
Inferior petrosal sinus
Right maxillary
Right vertebral
Right facial
Right internal jugular
Right external jugular
Right subclavian
Right
brachiocephalic
Right axillary
Right lateral view
SCHEME OF DRAINAGE
Superior vena cava
Right brachiocephalic
Right internal
jugular
Right subclavian
Right axillary
Right cephalic Right basilic
Right accessory
cephalic
Right median
cubital
Right brachial
Right radial
Right ulnar
Right median
antebrachial
Right dorsal venous
network of hand (dorsal
venous arch)
Right dorsal metacarpal
Right dorsal digital
Right palmar
venous plexus
Right palmar
digital
Right deep
Right superficial
palmar venous palmar venous arch
arch
Right palmar
metacarpal
Right common
palmar digital
Right proper
palmar digital
Right cephalic
Right dorsal venous network of hand
(dorsal venous arch)
Right dorsal metacarpal
Right dorsal digital
(a) Posterior view of superficial veins of hand
Right external jugular
Right subclavian
Right internal jugular
Right brachiocephalic
Superior vena cava
Right axillary
Right basilic
Sternum
Right cephalic
Right median cubital
Right accessory cephalic
Right cephalic
Right basilic
Right median antebrachial
Right palmar venous plexus
Right palmar digital
(b) Anterior view of superficial veins
Right external jugular
Right subclavian
Right internal jugular
Right brachiocephalic
Superior vena cava
Right axillary
Right brachial
Right radials
Anastomotic veins
Right ulnars
Right deep palmar venous arch
Right superficial palmar venous arch
Right common palmar digital
Right proper palmar digital
(c) Anterior view of deep veins
Biceps brachii muscle
Brachial
Median cubital
Basilic
Median antebrachial
Cephalic
(d) Anteromedial view of superficial veins of arm and forearm
SCHEME OF DRAINAGE
Right internal
jugular
Right
subclavian
Right brachiocephalic
Accessory
hemiazygos
Superior vena cava
Azygos
Right subcostal
Hemiazygos
Right ascending
lumbar
Left subcostal
Left ascending
lumbar
Right internal jugular
Left internal jugular
Left external jugular
Left subclavian
Left brachiocephalic
Left superior intercostal
Left axillary
Right external jugular
Right brachiocephalic
Right superior intercostal
Superior vena cava
Left cephalic
Right posterior intercostal
Left posterior intercostal
Azygos
Left brachial
Mediastinals
Accessory hemiazygos
Left basilic
Esophageals
Bronchial
Pericardial
Diaphragm
Right suprarenal
Hemiazygos
Left inferior phrenics
Left suprarenal
Right subcostal
Left renal
Hepatics
Right gonadal (testicular or ovarian)
Left ascending lumbar
Left gonadal (testicular or ovarian)
Inferior vena cava
Left lumbar
Right lumbar
Left common iliac
Right common iliac
Middle sacral
Left internal iliac
Inguinal ligament
Left external iliac
Right renal
Right ascending lumbar
Right internal iliac
Right external iliac
Left femoral
Anterior view
SCHEME OF DRAINAGE
Heart
Inferior phrenic
Hepatic
Hepatic portal
Suprarenal
Renal
Gonadal
Lumbar
Inferior vena cava
Right common iliac
Right external iliac
Right internal iliac
Left common iliac
Left internal iliac
Left external iliac
SCHEME OF DRAINAGE
Inferior vena cava
Right common iliac
Right external iliac
Right femoral
Right internal
iliac
Right deep vein
of the thigh
(deep femoral)
Right popliteal
Right anterior
Right
tibial
posterior tibial
Right great
saphenous
Right small
saphenous
Right medial
and lateral Right dorsal
venous arch
plantar
Right dorsal venous arch
Right deep plantar
venous arch
Right dorsal metatarsal
Right plantar
metatarsal
Right dorsal digital
Right plantar digital
Inferior vena cava
Left
common
iliac
Right common iliac
Right internal iliac
Right external iliac
Right deep vein
of the thigh
(deep femoral)
Right femoral
Right accessory
saphenous
Right great saphenous
Right popliteal
Right anterior tibial
Right small saphenous
Right anterior tibial
Right small saphenous
Right posterior tibial
Right fibular (peroneal)
Right great saphenous
Right dorsal venous arch
Right dorsal metatarsal
Right dorsal digital
Right medial plantar
Right lateral plantar
Right deep plantar
venous arch
Right plantar metatarsal
Right plantar digital
(a) Anterior view
(b) Posterior view
Hepatic
Inferior vena cava
Stomach
Spleen
HEPATIC PORTAL
Short gastric
Left gastric
Liver
Pancreas (behind stomach)
Cystic
Pancreatic
Gallbladder
Left gastroepiploic
Duodenum
Right gastric
Pancreaticoduodenal
SPLENIC
SUPERIOR
MESENTERIC
Middle
colic
Pancreas
Transverse colon
Right colic
Jejunal
and ileal
Ascending colon
Right gastroepiploic
Left colic
Inferior mesenteric
Descending colon
Ileocolic
Cecum
Sigmoidal
Appendix
Ileum
Drain into superior mesenteric vein
Drain into splenic vein
Drain into inferior mesenteric vein
(a) Anterior view of veins draining into hepatic portal vein
Sigmoid colon
Superior rectal
Rectum
Inferior vena cava
Heart
Hepatic veins
Liver
Abdominal
aorta
Proper hepatic
artery
Splenic
vein
Tributaries from portions of
stomach, pancreas, and
portions of large intestine
Superior
mesenteric
vein
Tributaries from small intestine
and portions of large intestine,
stomach, and pancreas
Hepatic
portal
vein
(b) Scheme of principal blood vessels of hepatic portal circulation and
arterial supply and venous drainage of liver
Arch of aorta
Superior vena cava
Ascending aorta
Right pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary artery
Pulmonary trunk
Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary veins
Left lung
Right lung
Diaphragm
Inferior vena cava
Abdominal aorta
(a) Anterior view
Right pulmonary
artery
Left pulmonary
artery
Pulmonary
trunk
Air sacs
(alveoli)
of right
lung
Air sacs
(alveoli)
of left lung
Right
ventricle
Right pulmonary
veins
Left pulmonary
veins
Left atrium
(b) Scheme of pulmonary circulation
Arch of aorta
Superior vena cava
Left atrium
DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
becomes Ligamentum
arteriosum
Right
atrium
Lung
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Heart
Right
ventricle
Left ventricle
FORAMEN OVALE
becomes Fossa ovalis
Inferior vena cava
Liver
DUCTUS VENOSUS
becomes Ligamentum
venosum
Hepatic portal vein
UMBILICAL VEIN becomes
Ligamentum teres
Umbilicus
Inferior vena cava
Abdominal aorta
Common iliac artery
UMBILICAL ARTERIES
become Medial umbilical
ligaments
Urinary bladder
Urethra
UMBILICAL CORD
Placenta
(a) Fetal circulation
(b) Circulation at birth
Oxygenated blood
Mixed oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood
Deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary trunk
Lungs
Ductus arteriosus
Right ventricle
Right atrium
Pulmonary veins
Foramen ovale
Left atrium
Inferior vena cava
Ductus venosus
Left ventricle
Aorta
Systemic circulation
Liver
Umbilical arteries
Umbilical vein
Placenta
(c) Scheme of fetal circulation
Blood islands
Angioblasts
Wall of yolk sac:
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Endothelial lining
Blood cells
Space
(future lumen)
Blood cells
Lumen of
blood vessel