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DEMONSTRATIO MATHEMATICA Vol. XLVI No 2 2013 Mohammad S. Sarsak ON SOME PROPERTIES OF GENERALIZED OPEN SETS IN GENERALIZED TOPOLOGICAL SPACES Abstract. In [8], Császár introduced some generalized open sets in generalized topological spaces, namely, µ-semi-open, µ-preopen, µ-β-open, and µ-α-open. The primary purpose of this paper is to study some new properties and characterizations of these concepts as we also introduce and study a new generalized open set in generalized topological spaces, namely, µ-b-open. We also investigate some relationships between these concepts. 1. Introduction and preliminaries A generalized topology (breifly GT) [7] µ on a nonempty set X is a collection of subsets of X such that ∅ ∈ µ and µ is closed under arbitrary unions. Elements of µ will be called µ-open sets, and a subset A of (X, µ) will be called µ-closed if X\A is µ-open. Clearly, a subset A of (X, µ) is µ-open if and only if for each x ∈ A, there exists Ux ∈ µ such that x ∈ Ux ⊂ A, or equivalently, A is the union of µ-open sets. The pair (X, µ) will be called generalized topological space (breifly GTS). By a space X or (X, µ), we will always mean a GTS. A space (X, µ) is called a µ-space [16] if X ∈ µ. (X, µ) is called a quasi-topological space [9] if µ is closed under finite intersections. Clearly, every topological space is a quasi-topological space, every quasi-topological space is a GTS, and a space (X, µ) is a topological space if and only if (X, µ) is both µ-space and quasi-topological space. If A is a subset of a space (X, µ), then the µ-closure of A [8], cµ (A), is the intersection of all µ-closed sets containing A and the µ-interior of A [8], iµ (A), is the union of all µ-open sets contained in A. It was pointed out in [8] that each of the operators cµ and iµ are monotonic [10], i.e. if A ⊂ B ⊂ X then cµ (A) ⊂ cµ (B) and iµ (A) ⊂ iµ (B), idempotent [10], i.e. if A ⊂ X then cµ (cµ (A)) = cµ (A) and iµ (iµ (A)) = iµ (A), cµ is enlarging [10], i.e. if 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 54A05, 54A10. Key words and phrases: µ-open, µ-closed, µ-regular open, µ-regular closed, µ-semiopen, µ-dense, µ-preopen, µ-β-open, µ-α-open, µ-b-open, generalized topology. 416 M. S. Sarsak A ⊂ X then cµ (A) ⊃ A, iµ is restricting [10], i.e. if A ⊂ X then iµ (A) ⊂ A, A is µ-open if and only if A = iµ (A), and cµ (A) = X\iµ (X\A). Clearly, A is µ-closed if and only if A = cµ (A), cµ (A) is the smallest µ-closed set containing A, iµ (A) is the largest µ-open set contained in A, x ∈ cµ (A) if and only if any µ-open set containing x intersects A, and x ∈ iµ (A) if and only if there exists a µ-open set U such that x ∈ U ⊂ A. A subset A of a topological space X is called regular open if A = IntA, and regular closed if X\A is regular open, or equivalently, if A = IntA. A is called semi-open [13] (resp. preopen [14] where called locally dense in [6], semi-preopen [3] where called β-open in [1], b-open [4], α-open [15]) if A ⊂ IntA (resp. A ⊂ Int A, A ⊂ IntA, A ⊂ IntA ∪ Int A, A ⊂ Int IntA). A is called semi-regular [11] if it is both semi-open and semi-closed, or equivalently, if there exists a regular open set U such that U ⊂ A ⊂ U , where A and IntA denote respectively, the closure of A in X and the interior of A in X. In [5], the term regular semi-open were used for a semi-regular set. For the concepts and terminology not defined here, we refer the reader to [12]. In concluding this section, we recall the following definitions and facts for their importance in the material of our paper. Definition 1.1. [8] Let A be a subset of a space (X, µ). Then A is called (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) µ-semi-open if A ⊂ cµ (iµ (A)). µ-preopen if A ⊂ iµ (cµ (A)). µ-β-open if A ⊂ cµ (iµ (cµ (A))). µ-α-open if A ⊂ iµ (cµ (iµ (A))). As in [8], for a space (X, µ), we will denote the class of µ-semi-open sets by σ, the class of µ-preopen sets by π, the class of µ-β-open sets by β, and the class of µ-α-open sets by α. Proposition 1.2. [8] Let (X, µ) be a space. Then (i) µ ⊂ α ⊂ σ ⊂ β. (ii) α ⊂ π ⊂ β. (iii) α = σ ∩ π. Proposition 1.3. [8] Let (X, µ) be a space. Then each of the families σ, π, α, and β is a generalized topological space. Definition 1.4. [18] Let A be a subset of a space (X, µ). Then A is called (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) µ-regular closed if A = cµ (iµ (A)). µ-regular open if X\A is µ-regular closed. µ-semi-closed if X\A is µ-semi-open. µ-preclosed if X\A is µ-preopen. Some properties of generalized open sets in generalized topological spaces 417 (v) µ-β-closed if X\A is µ-β-open. (vi) µ-α-closed if X\A is µ-α-open. We will denote the collection of all µ-regular open sets by r. Proposition 1.5. [18] Let A be a subset of a space (X, µ). Then (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) A A A A A A A is is is is is is is µ-semi-closed if and only if iµ (cµ (A)) ⊂ A. µ-preclosed if and only if cµ (iµ (A)) ⊂ A. µ-regular open if and only if A = iµ (cµ (A)). µ-β-closed if and only if iµ (cµ (iµ (A))) ⊂ A. µ-α-closed if and only if cµ (iµ (cµ (A))) ⊂ A. µ-regular open if and only if A = iµ (B) for some µ-closed set B. µ-regular closed if and only if A = cµ (B) for some µ-open set B. Proposition 1.6. [18] For a subset A of a space (X, µ), the following are equivalent: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) A A A A A A is is is is is is µ-regular open, µ-open and µ-semi-closed, µ-open and µ-β-closed, µ-α-open and µ-β-closed, µ-α-open and µ-semi-closed, µ-preopen and µ-semi-closed. Corollary 1.7. [18] For a subset A of a space (X, µ), the following are equivalent: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) A A A A A A is is is is is is µ-regular closed, µ-closed and µ-semi-open, µ-closed and µ-β-open, µ-α-closed and µ-β-open, µ-α-closed and µ-semi-open, µ-preclosed and µ-semi-open. 2. µ-b-open sets Definition 2.1. Let A be a subset of a space (X, µ). Then A is called µ-b-open if A ⊂ cµ (iµ (A)) ∪ iµ (cµ (A)). A is called µ-b-closed if X\A is µ-b-open, or equivalently, if cµ (iµ (A)) ∩ iµ (cµ (A)) ⊂ A. We will denote the class of all µ-b-open subsets of (X, µ) by b. Remark 2.2. It is easy to see that for a space (X, µ), σ ∪ π ⊂ b ⊂ β. It was shown in [4] that in case of a topological space, the above inclusions are not reversible. 418 M. S. Sarsak Remark 2.3. It is also easy to see using the monotonicity of cµ and iµ , that for a space (X, µ), (X, b) is a generalized topological space. The following proposition is an immediate consequence of Remarks 2.2 and 2.3. Proposition 2.4. Let A be a subset of a space (X, µ). If A = B ∪ C, where A is µ-semi-open and C is µ-preopen, then A is µ-b-open. In [17], it is pointed out that a subset A of a topological space X is b-open if and only if A = B ∪ C, where B is semi-open and C is preopen. However, this is not true for generalized topological spaces since the converse of Proposition 2.4 need not be true as following example shows. Example 2.5. Let B = {{4} , {1, 2, 3} , {3, 4, 5} , {5, 6, 7}} and let µ = {∅, all possible unions of members of B} . Then (X, µ) is a generalized topological space, where X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. If A = {1, 2, 4}. Then A is µ-b-open because cµ (A) = {1, 2, 3, 4} , and thus iµ (cµ (A)) = {1, 2, 3} and iµ (A) = {4} , and thus cµ (iµ (A)) = {4}. We will show now that there is no µ-semi-open set B and µ-preopen set C such that A = B ∪ C. Observe first that the only µ-semi-open subsets of A are ∅ and {4}, that is because cµ (iµ (A)) = {4}. We discuss the following cases: (i) If B = ∅, then C = {1, 2, 4} which is not µ-preopen because cµ (U ) = {1, 2, 3, 4} and iµ (cµ (C)) = {1, 2, 3}. (ii) If B = {4} and C = {1, 2, 4}, then C is not µ-preopen. (iii) If B = {4} and C = {1, 2}, then C is not µ-preopen because cµ (C) = {1, 2} and iµ (cµ (C)) = ∅. The following result is an immediate consequence of Proposition 1.6 and Remark 2.2. Corollary 2.6. For a subset A of a space (X, µ), the following are equivalent: (i) A is µ-regular open, (ii) A is µ-open and µ-b-closed, (iii) A is µ-α-open and µ-b-closed. Some properties of generalized open sets in generalized topological spaces 419 Lemma 2.7. Let A be a subset of a space (X, µ). If A is both µ-semi-closed and µ-β-open, then A is µ-semi-open. Proof. Since A is µ-semi-closed, it follows from Proposition 1.5(i) that iµ (cµ (A)) ⊂ A. But A is µ-β-open, so iµ (cµ (A)) ⊂ A ⊂ cµ (iµ (cµ (A))) . Thus iµ (cµ (A)) ⊂ iµ (A) . Therefore A ⊂ cµ (iµ (cµ (A))) ⊂ cµ (iµ (A)) . Hence, A is µ-semi-open. Proposition 2.8. Let A be a µ-β-open subset of a space (X, µ). Then cµ (A) is µ-regular closed. Proof. Since A is µ-β-open, A ⊂ cµ (iµ (cµ (A))). Thus cµ (A) ⊂ cµ (iµ (cµ (A))) ⊂ cµ (A) . Therefore, cµ (A) = cµ (iµ (cµ (A))). Hence, by Proposition 1.5(vii), cµ (A) is µ-regular closed. Corollary 2.9. Let A be a subset of a space (X, µ). If A ∈ b (resp. A ∈ σ, A ∈ π, A ∈ α), then cµ (A) is µ-regular closed. Definition 2.10. A subset A of a space (X, µ) is called regular µ-semiopen if there exists a µ-regular open set U such that U ⊂ A ⊂ cµ (A). We will denote the collection of all regular µ-semi-open sets by rσ. Remark 2.11. It is clear that every µ-regular open (µ-regular closed) set is regular µ-semi-open. However, it is well known that the converse is not true even for topological spaces. Proposition 2.12. Let A be a subset of a space (X, µ). Then the following are equivalent: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) A A A A A A is is is is is is regular µ-semi-open, µ-semi-open and µ-semi-closed, µ-b-open and µ-semi-closed, µ-β-open and µ-semi-closed, µ-semi-open and µ-b-closed, µ-semi-open and µ-β-closed. 420 M. S. Sarsak Proof. (i)→(ii): Let U be a µ-regular open set such that U ⊂ A ⊂ cµ (A). Then U ⊂ iµ (A) and therefore A ⊂ cµ (U ) ⊂ cµ (iµ (A)). Thus, A is µ-semi-open. On the other hand, since cµ (A) = cµ (U ) and U is µ-regular open, it follows that U = iµ (cµ (U )) = iµ (cµ (A)) ⊂ A. Thus, by Proposition 1.5(i), A is µ-semi-closed. (ii)→(iii), (iii)→(iv): Follow since σ ⊂ b ⊂ β. (iv)→(v): Follows from Lemma 2.7 and since σ ⊂ b. (v)→(vi): Follows since b ⊂ β. (vi)→(i): Since A is µ-semi-open and µ-β-closed, it follows from Lemma 2.7 that A is µ-semi-closed. Thus, by Proposition 1.5(i) iµ (cµ (A)) ⊂ A ⊂ cµ (iµ (A)) ⊂ cµ (iµ (cµ (A))). Let U = iµ (cµ (A)). Then U ⊂ A ⊂ cµ (A). By Proposition 1.5(vi), U is µ-regular open. Hence, A is regular µ-semiopen. Remark 2.13. It is clear from Proposition 2.12, that if A is a regular µ-semi-open subset of a space (X, µ), then X\A is regular µ-semi-open too. 3. Various properties Proposition 3.1. Let (X, µ) be a µ-space and let x ∈ X. Then {x} is µ-open if and only if {x} is µ-semi-open. Proof. The necessity is clear. Assume that {x} is µ-semi-open. Then {x} ⊂ cµ (iµ ({x})). Now iµ ({x}) is either {x} or ∅. Since (X, µ) is a µ-space, cµ (∅) = ∅, but {x} ⊂ cµ (iµ ({x})), so iµ ({x}) 6= ∅. Therefore, iµ ({x}) = {x}, that is, {x} is µ-open. The following lemma can be easily verified. Lemma 3.2. Let (X, µ) be a space, A ⊂ X, and U ∈ µ. If A ∩ U = ∅ then cµ (A) ∩ U = ∅. Proposition 3.3. Let (X, µ) be a µ-space and let x ∈ X. Then the following are equivalent: (i) {x} is µ-preopen, (ii) {x} is µ-b-open, (iii) {x} is µ-β-open. Some properties of generalized open sets in generalized topological spaces 421 Proof. (i)→(ii) and (ii)→(iii) follows from Remark 2.2. Assume that {x} is µ-β-open and that {x} is not µ-preopen. Then {x} 6⊂ iµ (cµ ({x})), that is, {x} ∩ iµ (cµ ({x})) = ∅. Since iµ (cµ ({x})) is µ-open, it follows from Lemma 3.2 that cµ ({x}) ∩ iµ (cµ ({x})) = ∅, and thus, iµ (cµ ({x})) = ∅. Since (X, µ) is a µ-space, it follows that cµ (iµ (cµ ({x}))) = cµ (∅) = ∅ but {x} is µ-β-open, a contradiction. Proposition 3.4. Let (X, µ) be a µ-space and let x ∈ X. Then {x} is µ-preopen or {x} is µ-α-closed. Proof. Assume that {x} is not µ-preopen. Then {x} 6⊂ iµ (cµ ({x})), that is, {x} ∩ iµ (cµ ({x})) = ∅. Since iµ (cµ ({x})) is µ-open, it follows from Lemma 3.2 that cµ ({x}) ∩ iµ (cµ ({x})) = ∅, and thus, iµ (cµ ({x})) = ∅. Since (X, µ) is a µ-space, it follows that cµ (iµ (cµ ({x}))) = cµ (∅) = ∅. Thus by Proposition 1.5(v), {x} is µ-α-closed. Definition 3.5. A subset A of a space (X, µ) is called µ-dense if cµ (A) = X, or equivalently, if for every nonempty µ-open set U , U ∩ A 6= ∅. A is called µ-codense if X\A is µ-dense, or equivalently, if iµ (A) = ∅. It is well known, in topological spaces, that a µ-dense set is µ-preopen, and that a µ-preopen set need not be µ-dense. The following example shows that µ-dense sets in generalized topological spaces need not be µ-preopen. Example 3.6. Let X = {a, b, c, d}, µ = {∅, {a, b} , {b, c} , {a, b, c}}. If A = {b, d}, then clearly A is µ-dense. However, A is not µ-preopen since cµ (A) = X and iµ (X) = {a, b, c}. Remark 3.7. Let (X, µ) be a µ-space. If A is µ-dense, then A is µ-preopen. Proposition 3.8. Let A be a subset of a space (X, µ). Then A is µ-semiopen if and only if there exists a µ-open set U such that U ⊂ A ⊂ cµ (U ). Proof. Necessity. Suppose that A is µ-semi-open. Then A ⊂ cµ (iµ (A)). Let U = iµ (A). Then U ⊂ A ⊂ cµ (U ). Sufficiency. Assume that there exists a µ-open set U such that U ⊂ A ⊂ cµ (U ). Then U ⊂ iµ (A) and thus cµ (U ) ⊂ cµ (iµ (A)), but A ⊂ cµ (U ), so A ⊂ cµ (iµ (A)), that is, A is µ-semi-open. Proposition 3.9. Let A be a subset of a space (X, µ). If there exists a µ-preopen set U such that U ⊂ A ⊂ cµ (U ), then A is µ-β-open. Proof. Since U ⊂ A ⊂ cµ (U ), it follows that cµ (A) = cµ (U ), and thus iµ (cµ (A)) = iµ (cµ (U )) , 422 M. S. Sarsak but U is µ-preopen, so U ⊂ iµ (cµ (A)) and A ⊂ cµ (U ) , so A ⊂ cµ (iµ (cµ (A))), that is, A is µ-β-open. The following example shows that the converse of Proposition 3.9 need not be true even in µ-spaces. Example 3.10. Let B = {{1, 2, 3} , {3, 4, 5} , {5, 6, 7}} and let µ = {∅, all possible unions of members of B} . Then (X, µ) is a µ-space, where X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. If A = {1, 2, 4}, then A is µ-β-open because cµ (A) = {1, 2, 3, 4}, and thus iµ (cµ (A)) = {1, 2, 3} , cµ (iµ (cµ (A))) = {1, 2, 3, 4} . We will show now that there is no µ-preopen set U such that U ⊂ A ⊂ cµ (U ). We discuss the following cases: (i) If U = ∅ then U is µ-preopen, but cµ (U ) = ∅. (ii) If U = {1, 2} then U is not µ-preopen because cµ (U ) = {1, 2} and iµ (cµ (U )) = ∅. (iii) If U = {1, 4} then U is not µ-preopen because cµ (U ) = {1, 2, 3, 4} and iµ (cµ (U )) = {1, 2, 3}. (iv) If U = {2, 4} then U is not µ-preopen because cµ (U ) = {1, 2, 3, 4} and iµ (cµ (U )) = {1, 2, 3}. (v) If U = {1, 2, 4} then U is not µ-preopen because iµ (cµ (U )) = {1, 2, 3}. Hence, there is no µ-preopen set U such that U ⊂ A ⊂ cµ (U ). Proposition 3.11. Let A be a subset of a space (X, µ). If A is µ-preopen then A is the intersection of a µ-regular open set and a µ-dense set. Proof. Suppose that A is µ-preopen, that is, A ⊂ iµ (cµ (A)). Then A = iµ (cµ (A)) ∩ (A ∪ (X\cµ (A))) . Let B = iµ (cµ (A)) and C = A ∪ (X\cµ (A)) . Then B is µ-regular open by Proposition 1.5(vi), also cµ (A) ⊂ cµ (C) since A ⊂ C and X\cµ (A) ⊂ C ⊂ cµ (C) . Thus cµ (C) = X, i.e. C is µ-dense. Thus, A is the intersection of a µ-regular open set and a µ-dense set. Some properties of generalized open sets in generalized topological spaces 423 Corollary 3.12. Let A be a subset of a space (X, µ). If A is µ-preclosed, then A is the union of a µ-regular closed set and a set with empty µ-interior. The following example shows that the converse of Proposition 3.11 need not be true even in µ-spaces. Example 3.13. Consider the space of Example 3.10, and let B = {1, 2, 3} and C = {1, 2, 4, 5} . Then B is µ-regular open as cµ (B) = {1, 2, 3, 4} and iµ (cµ (B)) = {1, 2, 3} . Also it is clear that C is µ-dense. However, B ∩ C = {1, 2} is not µ-preopen as shown in Example 3.10. Proposition 3.14. Let A be a subset of a space (X, µ). If A is µ-semiopen, then A is the intersection of a µ-regular closed set B and a set C such that iµ (C) is µ-dense. Proof. Suppose that A is µ-semi-open, that is, A ⊂ cµ (iµ (A)). Then A = cµ (iµ (A)) ∩ (A ∪ (X\cµ (iµ (A)))) . Let B = cµ (iµ (A)) and C = A ∪ (X\cµ (iµ (A))) . Then B is µ-regular closed by Proposition 1.5(vii), also cµ (iµ (A)) ⊂ cµ (iµ (C)) since A ⊂ C but X\cµ (iµ (A)) ⊂ C and X\cµ (iµ (A)) is µ-open, so X\cµ (iµ (A)) ⊂ iµ (C) ⊂ cµ (iµ (C)) . Thus cµ (iµ (C)) = X, i.e. iµ (C) is µ-dense. Hence, A is the intersection of a µ-regular closed set and a set whose µ-interior is µ-dense. Corollary 3.15. Let A be a subset of a space (X, µ). If A is µ-semiclosed, then A is the union of a µ-regular open set and a set whose µ-closure has empty µ-interior. The following example shows that the converse of Proposition 3.14 need not be true even in µ-spaces. Example 3.16. Consider the space of Example 3.10, and let B = {4, 5, 6, 7} and C = {3, 4, 5} . 424 M. S. Sarsak Then B is µ-regular closed, since {1, 2, 3} is µ-regular open as shown in Example 3.13. Also, it is clear that iµ (C) = C is µ-dense. However, B ∩ C = {4, 5} is not µ-semi-open as iµ ({4, 5}) = ∅ and cµ (∅) = ∅. Proposition 3.17. Let A be a subset of a space (X, µ). If A is µ-β-open, then A is the intersection of a µ-regular closed set B and a µ-dense set C. Proof. Suppose that A is µ-β-open, that is, A ⊂ cµ (iµ (cµ (A))). Then A = cµ (iµ (cµ (A))) ∩ (A ∪ (X\cµ (A))) . Let B = cµ (iµ (cµ (A))) and C = A ∪ (X\cµ (A)) . Then B is µ-regular closed by Proposition 1.5(vii), also cµ (A) ⊂ cµ (C) since A ⊂ C but X\cµ (A) ⊂ C ⊂ cµ (C) . Thus cµ (C) = X, i.e. C is µ-dense. Hence, A is the intersection of a µ-regular closed set and a µ-dense set. Corollary 3.18. Let A be a subset of a space (X, µ). If A is µ-β-closed, then A is the union of a µ-regular open set and a set with empty µ-interior. In [2], it is shown that a subset A of a topological space X is β-open if and only if A = B ∩ C, where B is semi-open and C is dense. However, this is not true for generalized topological spaces since the converse of Proposition 3.17 need not be true even in µ-spaces as following example shows. Example 3.19. Consider the space of Example 3.10, and let B = {4, 5, 6, 7} and C = {3, 7} . Then B is µ-regular closed as shown in Example 3.16. Also, it is clear that C is µ-dense. However, B ∩ C = {7} is not µ-β-open as cµ ({7}) = {6, 7} , iµ ({6, 7}) = ∅ and cµ (∅) = ∅. 4. Applications Recall that a topological space X is called locally indiscrete if every open subset of X is closed. The following easy result characterizes generalized topological spaces (X, µ) in which every µ-open set is µ-closed in terms of locally indiscrete topological spaces. Proposition 4.1. A space (X, µ) is a locally indiscrete topological space if and only if every µ-open subset of X is µ-closed. Some properties of generalized open sets in generalized topological spaces 425 Proof. The necessity is clear. Assume that (X, µ) is a space in which every µ-open set is µ-closed. It suffices to show that (X, µ) is a topological space. (i) Since ∅ is µ-open, then by assumption, ∅ is µ-closed, that is, X is µ-open. (ii) Let U, V ∈ µ. Then by assumption, U, V are µ-closed, that is X\U, X\V are µ-open, and thus (X\U ) ∪ (X\V ) = X\ (U ∩ V ) is µ-open, and thus by assumption again, X\ (U ∩ V ) is µ-closed, that is, U ∩ V is µ-open. Hence, (X, µ) is a topological space. The proof of the following lemma is straightforward and thus omitted. Lemma 4.2. Let A be a subset of a space (X, µ). If A is both µ-closed and µ-preopen, then A is µ-open. Since for a space (X, µ), α ⊂ σ, it might be natural to characterize spaces in which α = σ. The following theorem provides several characterizations of spaces (X, µ) in which α = σ. Theorem 4.3. For a space (X, µ), the following are equivalent: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) every every every every every every every every µ-semi-open subset of X is µ-α-open, i.e. α = σ, µ-semi-open subset of X is µ-preopen, µ-β-open subset of X is µ-preopen, i.e. β = π, µ-b-open subset of X is µ-preopen, i.e. b = π, regular µ-semi-open subset of X is µ-preopen, regular µ-semi-open subset of X is µ-regular open, i.e. r = rσ, µ-regular closed subset of X is µ-preopen, µ-regular closed subset of X is µ-open. Proof. (i)→(ii) Clear since α ⊂ π. (ii)→(iii): Let A be a µ-β-open subset of X. Then A ⊂ cµ (iµ (cµ (A))). It follows from Proposition 1.5(vii) that B = cµ (iµ (cµ (A))) is µ-regular closed and thus µ-semi-open. By (ii), B is µ-preopen. Thus A ⊂ B ⊂ iµ (cµ (B)) = iµ (B) . Also it is clear that B ⊂ cµ (A) and thus iµ (B) ⊂ iµ (cµ (A)) . Therefore A ⊂ iµ (cµ (A)) . Hence, A is µ-preopen. (iii)→(iv): Follows since b ⊂ β. (iv)→(v): It follows from Proposition 2.12 that rσ ⊂ σ, but σ ⊂ b, thus rσ ⊂ b. Therefore, the result follows from (iii). 426 M. S. Sarsak (v)→(vi): Since every regular µ-semi-open set is µ-semi-closed (Proposition 2.12), it follows from (iv) that a regular µ-semi-open set is both µ-semiclosed and µ-preopen. Thus by Proposition 1.6, (v) follows. (vi)→(vii): Follows from Proposition 1.6 and Remark 2.11. (vii)→(viii): Follows from Lemma 4.2. (viii)→(i): Let A be a µ-semi-open subset of X. Then by Corollary 2.9, cµ (A) is µ-regular closed. Thus by (vii), cµ (A) is µ-open, that is, cµ (A) ⊂ iµ (cµ (A)), i.e. A is µ-preopen. Since A ∈ σ ∩ π = α, (i) follows. Corollary 4.4. For a space (X, µ), the following are equivalent: (i) α = σ, (ii) every regular µ-semi-open subset of X is µ-preclosed, (iii) every regular µ-semi-open subset of X is µ-regular closed. Proof. Follows from Remark 2.13 and Theorem 4.3. Corollary 4.5. For a space (X, µ), the following are equivalent: (i) α = σ, (ii) every regular µ-semi-open subset of X is µ-preclopen, i.e. µ-preopen and µ-preclosed, (iii) every regular µ-semi-open subset of X is µ-clopen, i.e. µ-open and µ-closed. Proof. Follows from Theorem 4.3 and Corollary 4.4. Proposition 4.6. For a space (X, µ), the following are equivalent: (i) every µ-preopen subset of X is µ-α-open, i.e. α = π, (ii) every µ-preopen subset of X is µ-semi-open. Proof. Follows from Proposition 1.2 (iii). Proposition 4.7. For a space (X, µ), consider the following properties: (i) every µ-β-open subset of X is µ-semi-open, i.e. β = σ, (ii) every µ-b-open subset of X is µ-semi-open, i.e. b = σ, (iii) every µ-preopen subset of X is µ-semi-open. Then (i)→(ii), (ii)→(iii), and thus (i)→(iii). Proof. Follows from Remark 2.2. Question. Are the reverse implications of Proposition 4.7 true? References [1] M. E. Abd El-Monsef, S. N. El-Deeb, R. A. Mahmoud, β-open sets and β-continuous mappings, Bull. 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BOX 150459, ZARQA 13115, JORDAN E-mail: [email protected] Received April 28, 2011.