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Chapter 18 Popular Sovereignty and 1848 • Election of 1848: – Lewis Cass (Democrat) vs. Zachary Taylor (Whig) • Lewis Cass believed slavery should be decided by POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY: – Belief that the people of a territory should decide the issue of slavery – Why is this good for politicians? Why is this good for people living there? Free-Soilers • Free-Soil Party: – Favored the Wilmot Proviso, against slavery in territories • Hated slavery because it took away job opportunities from whites • Conscience Whigs: – Condemned slavery on moral grounds “Californy Gold” • Sutter’s Mill, CA (1848), gold is discovered • Gold paved the way for economic growth • 1849: – CA drafted a constitution that forbade slavery – Asked Congress for admission, bypassing territory • South is upset, North is happy; potential upset to balance between free and slave states South = North = Sectional Balance and Underground RR • South had many presidents, cabinet members, and justices – If they were outnumbered in the House, they had equal representation in Senate • Up until CA, 15 states were free, 15 were slave • Harriet Tubman – 19 times she went to the South and rescued over 300 slaves • By 1850, Southerners demanded a new and more stringent fugitive slave-law The Great Triumvirate I’m back baby! • 1849: – “Fire-eaters” in the South threatened secession • Henry Clay is back with…… (with Stephen Douglas) – Missouri Compromise, Nullification crisis • Favored concessions from both sides; North should yield by enacting tougher fugitive-slave law • John C. Calhoun, “The Great Nullifier” – Wanted to leave slavery alone, return runaway slaves • Daniel Webster: – Favored tough fugitive slave law “7th of March Speech” Deadlock…. • William H. Seward: – Against concessions for the South – Slavery shouldn't be allowed in western territories due to a "higher law" than the Constitution • Taylor was against concession and threatened to veto it…… Compromise of 1850 • Taylor dies in office, Millard Fillmore takes office, signs Compromise of 1850 – CA admitted as free state – Slave trade illegal in D.C. – Popular Sovereignty in Mexican Cession: Utah and New Mexico – More stringent fugitive-slave law – Texas received $10 million from federal gov’t for surrendering claim to disputed territory in New Mexico. Memory Aid for Comp. of 1850 • POPFACT: – Popular Sovereignty in Mexican Cession – Fugitive Slave Law – Abolition of slave trade in Washington, D.C. – California admitted as a state – Texas given $10 million for disputed New Mexican territory. Balancing the Compromise Scales • Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 (“Bloodhound Bill”) – ***Single most important frictional issue between the North and South in the 1850s*** – Slaves could not testify on own behalf, denied a jury trial – Northerners who aided slaves could be fined/jailed • Effects of Slave Law: – Moderates join abolition bandwagon – “Personal Liberty Laws”: denied local jails to federal officials involved in catching slaves – Ableman v. Booth, 1859 -- Supreme Court upheld the Fugitive Slave Law. More US Expansion • Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850): – Neither Britain nor America would seek control over future isthmus waterways • Ostend Manifesto: – Urged US to buy Cuba from Spain for $120 million – Free-soilers blocked the passage of this Overseas Expansion • Caleb Cushing: – Treaty of Wanghia (1844): first diplomatic agreement between US and China, purpose was to promote commerce • Opened up missionaries for China • 1852, Everybody’s “friend” opens up Japan • Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) – Japan and US begins trade after 200 years of Japanese isolation – Begins Meiji Restoration Gadsden Purchase • Desire to build RR to west coast, only one could be built: North or South? – South wins because of favorable geography • Jefferson Davis (Secretary of War and……) appoints William Gadsen to negotiate purchase of land • Gadsen Purchase (1853) – US pays $10 million to Santa Anna for area • Watch Jimmy Fallon’s skit Kansas-Nebraska Scheme • Most important short-term cause of Civil War – Response to Gadsden Purchase – Territory of Nebraska would be split into two territories – Kansas and Nebraska – Slavery issue would be decided by popular sovereignty – Kansas would presumably become slave, Nebraska free • Repeal’s the Missouri Compromise of 1820 with 36˚30’ line – North is FURIOUS North = Civil War 1. 2. 3. 4. Essential Questions/ Topics: What were the underlying and immediate causes of the Civil War? Contrast the resources and strategies of the North and South. Describe the immediate outcomes and effects of the battles of the Civil War. What lasting impacts did the Civil War have on the North and the South? Chapter 19 I Lived in Cincinnati, OH from 1832 - 1850 Key Books That Upset The South • Uncle Tom’s Cabin – Translated into more than 20 languages – Helped thousands of northerners join the cause • Refuse to help with fugitive slave law – Kept France and England from siding with South • The Impending Crisis of the South – Nonslave-holding whites were the ones that suffered most from slavery – Banned and burned in the South Kansas: Free or Slave? • Kansas-Nebraska Act had an “unspoken agreement” that KS would be slave, NE free • Pro and anti slavery forces come out in full force to vote • Shawnee Mission: slavery supporters “puppet government” • Lawrence: Free-soil city burned by pro-slavery raiders Bleeding Kansas • Pottawatomie Creek: – Led by abolitionist John Brown, five proslaveryites were hacked to pieces – Leads to massive retaliation • Lecompton Constitution: – Kansas could vote for constitution with or without slavery, Free-soilers refuse to vote, President Buchanan supports Constitution – KS does not become a state until 1861 after South seceded Brooks and Sumner • Charles Sumner – leading abolitionist – Upset with conflict in KS – Badmouths SC and senator, Andrew Butler • Congressman Preston S. Brooks (SC) – Resented attacks on state and cousin – Violently beat Sumner with a cane • Beating represents high tensions in Congress over slavery issue Election of 1856 • James Buchanan (Democrat)– nominated because he was not involved with KS-NE Act • Captain John C. Fremont (Republican) – nominated for the same reasons • Know-Nothing Party: nominated Millard Fillmore – Anti-foreign and Anti-Catholic sentiment was still strong, supported by “WASP”s • “Fire eaters” made it known if a Republican won, they would secede Dred Scott • • Roger, why are Scott sued for his freedom youwrote ruling Roger Taney (Chief Justice) majority opinion that stated: my compromise – Slaves are not citizens, cannot sue unconstitutional – Slaves are property, could not be taken away without due process (5 amendment) bro? th – MO compromise is unconstitutional (Congress cannot legislate slavery in territories) Crash of 1857 • Causes: – Gold from CA inflated currency – Land Speculation – Overproduction of grain • Results of Crash: – North was hardest hit, South not bad at all • Tariff of 1857: – Several months before the crash, tariff rates lowered to 20%, lowest since War of 1812 Lincoln v. Douglas • Lincoln (Republican) challenges Douglas (Democrat and KS-NE fame) to debates for Douglas’ Senate seat • Freeport Doctrine: – Lincoln asks, “Could a territory vote down slavery despite the Dred Scott decision?” – Douglas stated that territories could pass laws to limit slavery • Impact of Doctrine: – Split in Democratic party for 1860 election, Lincoln emerges on the national spotlight John Brown: Hero or Villain? • Harper’s Ferry: – John Brown and followers seize an arsenal, killing 7 innocent people – Hoped to encourage a massive slave rebellion • Brown is convicted of murder and treason, hanged with followers • Effects of John Brown’s raid: – Becomes a martyr in the North to abolitionists – South becomes very fearful of future attacks – Major immediate cause of disunion The Disruption of the Democrats • Election of 1860, Democrats are split – Northerners favor Douglas – Southerners view him as a traitor • John C. Breckinridge: – Selected by Southern wing of Democrats – Favored extension of slavery into territories and annexation of Cuba • Constitutional Union Party: – Wanted to elect a compromise candidate Underlying Causes • Political Compromises failed to ease sectional differences and resolve question of expanding slavery • Missouri Compromise of 1820 • Compromise of 1850 • Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 • Sectional economic differences and reliance on slavery • Importance of cotton to US economy • Laws and court decisions increased sectional tensions • Fugitive Slave Act 1850 • Dred Scott Decision • Election of 1860 Political Economic • Growth of Abolitionist Movement • Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Underground Railroad • Republican party forms with Antislavery platform • Radicalization of Abolitionist movement • John Brown Social REMINDER From Unit 1 Economic Causes: Sectional Differences Develop How did the North and the South differ during the 1800's? North • Industrialized Quickly • Cities grew • Middle Class was created • Wave of immigrants arrive South • Mainly Agricultural • Cities stayed small • Slow population Growth • Education system was poor quality Both *Relied on cotton *Benefited from new technologies Political Causes: The Union in Crisis • Will Slavery Expand into newly gained Territory? – Compromises • Missouri Compromise of 1820 – 1 for 1 1 slave state for 1 free state to ensure balance in Congress – Prohibits slavery north of the 36ͦ, 30’ parallel (except in Missouri) • Compromise of 1850 – Popular Sovereignty will decide if a state is free or slave – Why is this dangerous? • Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 – Kansas would be a slave state and Nebraska would be a free state. – Throws out Missouri Compromise by allowing slaver above 36ͦ, 30’ parallel These Compromises are suppose to END the conflict over slavery expanding… instead they just create more conflict An 1854 cartoon depicts a giant free soiler being held down by James Buchanan and Lewis Cass standing on the Democratic platform marked "Kansas", "Cuba" and "Central America" (referring to accusations that southerners wanted to annex areas in Latin America to expand slavery). Franklin Pierce also holds down the giant's beard as Stephen A. Douglas shoves a black man down his throat. A Rising Tide of Protest and Violence Escalation of tensions over Slavery • The Fugitive Slave Act – Private citizens MUST assist in apprehending runaway slaves. – Could be fined or imprisoned if you assisted a runaway slave • Underground railroad assist slaves – Some North states tried to nullify the law by passing personal liberty laws (allowing slave catchers to be arrested • Bloody Kansas – Popular Sovereignty in Kansas turns deadly • State splits over the issue and 2 gov’ts develop • Violence erupts as pro and anti slavery groups attack one another – John Brown terrorist or abolitionist martyr? • Dred Scott Decision – Supreme court rules that Slaves are a property NOT citizens, Missouri Compromise is Unconstitutional (deprives an owner of his property without due process) Social Causes: Growth & Radicalization of Abolitionist Movement America the Story of US • How did Expansion lead to further conflict over slavery? • How should we remember John Brown? What do you think his legacy was? • What is the South’s reaction to the Election of 1860? Immediate Causes Southern States Leave the Union - Confederacy forms Election of 1860 Fort Sumter Falls - Divided political parties lead to election of Lincoln - Beginning of War Civil War The Election of 1860 1. Democratic Party Splits over the expansion of slavery - Northern Democrats argue for Popular Sovereignty to decide the Issue - Southern Democrats argue for federal protection form expansion of slavery into territories 2. Constitutional Unionists merge KnowNothing Party and Whigs - uphold the Constitution & the Union 3. Republicans – slavery must not be allowed in Territories • • • • Lincoln – Republican Douglas – Northern Democrat Breckenridge – Southern Democrat Bell – Constitutional Unionists The Election of 1860 • Lincoln wins, but is a “Minority” president – 60% voted for someone else – Sectional president: not on ballot in 10 southern states • SC threatened to secede if Lincoln won; Charleston 1860 convention unanimously voted to secede • Shortly after, 11 states secede • February 1861: Confederate States of America • Buchanan was a “lame duck” president until March, 1861 – Did not believe southern states could legally secede – Did not believe Constitution gave him authority to stop (plus Northern army not prepared) • Crittenden Amendment: – Aimed to appease the South – Slavery in territories was to be prohibited north of 36˚30’, but south of that line was to be given federal protection in all territories existing, or would exist (Cuba) – Lincoln rejects it Election of 1860 • Lincoln wins – Minority president (40% of popular vote) – Electoral Vote (60%) • NO votes from southern states • 18 free states outnumber 15 slave states – December 20th, 1860 South Carolina secede • Why? The election of a President “whose opinions and purposes are hostile to slavery” – Six other states in the Deep South follow – February 1861 Confederate States of America formed Fort Sumter Falls Background: • Southern States seize all federal forts/ arsenals in their territory when they seceded (state rights) • Fort Sumter 1 of 4 still held by Union (Northern) forces controls access to Charleston Harbor Timeline: • January - President Buchanan tries to resupply the fort… Fail • March 4th – Lincoln inauguration • April 6th – Lincoln says will resupply fort only with food • April 11th- SC give ultimatum to surrender – Union commander: "I shall await the first shot, and if you do not batter us to pieces, we shall be starved out in a few days." says they will leave on 15th • April 12th - 4:30 – April 13th 2pm fort fired upon & then surrenders • April 15th - Lincoln declares “insurrection” and calls for troops Fort Sumter The Outbreak of War • What was the relationship between the percentage of enslaved people and secession? • What was the primary crop grown in states with a high concentration of enslaved people? • How did the Union blockade affect the Confederate economy? How might this impact the war effort? • What new state for formed & joined the Union? • What body of water did the Union control as a result of keeping Kentucky in the Union? Wartime Advantages Contrast the resources and strategies of the North and South North - Union South - Confederate • Resources – better prepared for the war • Resources – – – – Heavily Industrialized Railroad Network more food products (wheat) Mines (coal, iron, gold, silver) • Established Military – Navy firmly established • Allows North to use a Naval blockade • Population – Larger population (22 million) – Immigration & large labor supply – Cotton production • Geography – Washington D.C. is close to Confederate border – Fighting on familiar territory • Military Strategy – Did not need to attack the north, only had to avoid defeat • Leadership – Strong Military tradition – Many Ex US Army officers • Morale – Strong motivation to fight Wartime Disadvantages Contrast the resources and strategies of the North and South North - Union • Morale – Many Northerners did not support the war • Copperhead oppose war • Had to fight an offensive war making it hard to supply troops at times South - Confederate • Government – New and inexperienced • Resources – Lacked productive resources • Population – 9 million… 3.5 million are slaves Material Advantages of the North Comparing the Union and Confederacy War Strategies Union (North) Confederacy (South Objective Restore the Union - Didn’t want to destroy the south, didn’t want to alienate the people (hearts and minds) Hold on to Independence - Fight long enough for the North to tire of war (similar tactics to American Revolution) Initial Strategies Secure Border States Fight an Offensive War to win Defend at their borders Defend territories & secure borders, Protect the institution of Slavery Anaconda Plan Cut off South w. blockade, *control Mississippi, split the South and Wait Offensive –Defensive - Allow Northern thrust to overextend their lines Capture Richmond - Determine North’s weakest Anaconda Plan would take too points long… Union advanced on - Concentrate forces & Richmond (June 1861) counterattack Outcomes Chapters 20 and 21 Review Video The Civil War • Northern Advantages: – More population – Industrial advantage • Southern Advantages: – Fought a defensive war – Military leadership The Border States • What were they? – Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware, and Maryland • Why are they important? – Even though they had slaves, they remained loyal to, and fought on behalf, of the Union – Strategically located, industrialized Emancipation Proclamation • Written after the Battle of Antietam: – Union victory, bloodiest day, helped to keep Europe out of war • Freed slaves in the states in REBELLION (Confederate States of America) – Did NOT free slaves in Border States • Impact of Emancipation: – Strengthened moral cause of war – Helped to keep Europe from intervening on behalf of CSA Key Terms during Civil War • Contraband: – Term for fugitive slaves that sought protection behind Union lines – Often fought for Union • Conscription: – Forced enlistment of citizens (draft) – New York City Riots • Class tensions between rich and poor (immigrants) African Americans in Civil War • 180,000 served in the Union Army – 38,000 lost their lives • Encouraged to join by Frederick Douglass • Paid less than whites Lincoln and the Civil War • Suspended Habeas Corpus: – Held people in jail without trial (Only Congress can do this) – Increased size of military (Only Congress can do this) – Shut down newspapers in D.C. and surrounding areas that were critical (violation of 1st amendment) • In times of crisis, personal liberties decrease, power of government increases Key Congressional Decisions • National Banking System: – Salmon P. Chase (Treasury Secretary and 6th Chief Justice), from…….. – Established Uniform National Currency • Homestead Act: Encouraged settlement of land out West • Tariffs increased: Republicans controlled Congress; Republicans want to Raise tariffs • Morrill Land Grant: – Public land was to be donated to states for purpose of training students in agriculture and mechanical arts Comparing the Union and Confederacy War Strategies Civil War Leaders Union Confederate • General Robert E. Lee • • Irvin McDowell : May – July 1861 George McClellan: July 1861 – November 1862 • Ambrose Burnside: Nov 1862 – Jan 1863 • Joseph Hooker: Jan – June 1863 • George G. Meade: June 1863 – June 1865 * Ulysses S. Grant: General-in-chief of all Union Armies …. May 1864April 1865 Timeline – The Early Years • July 1861 – 1st Battle of Bull Run/ Manassas – Proved that the war would NOT end quickly • February 1862 – Fort Donelson & Fort Henry = Grant pursued the Anaconda Plan in Western Theater • March 1862 – Union Monitior Vs. Confed. Virginia – (no clear winner) end of wooden ships in warfare • April 1862 – Shiloh (25,000 casualties) shocked the north with large casualty rate… union may have technically won but hurts morale • June/ July 1862 – Seven Days and 2nd Battle of Bull Run - McClellan too cautious • Sept 1862 - Antietam (Lee’s 1st invasion of the North) - single bloodiest day, union losses exceed Confed. loses BUT gives Lincoln a decisive victory & Sept 22nd he issues the Emancipation Proclamation http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/lifestyle/special/civil-war-interactive/civil-warbattles-and-casualties-interactive-map/ Timeline – Turning Points of the War Spring 1863 – Battle of Fredericksburg Battle of Chancellorsville “Lee’s Perfect Battle) Summer 1863 – Battles of Gettysburg, Vicksburg (together considered the turning point of the war) Early 1864 – Grant takes control of Entire Union Army Timeline – Turning Points of the War May – June 1864 Grant’s Overland Campaign Battles = Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor (Overall a strategic Union victory) Grant’s strategy to inflict heavy casualties on the Confederates, does not withdraw his forces after heavy casualties, kept attempting to move between Lee & Richmond (total war) May – December 1864 – Sherman’s “March to the sea”/ Savannah Campaign (applied scorched earth policy) Summer 1864 – Grant lays siege to Petersburg **Election of 1864 won by Lincoln ** December 1865 – Congress passed 13th Amendment Cold Harbor remembered as one of American history's bloodiest, most lopsided battles. Grant said in his memoirs, "I have always regretted that the last assault at Cold Harbor was ever made. ... No advantage whatever was gained to compensate for the heavy loss we sustained." The Story of US • • • • Technology War on the Homefront Medical Knowledge The Role of African American soldiers • Tactics to end the war Technology & Conditions on the Battlefields • Poor Hygiene = widespread disease – Medical technology limited – Awful prison conditions – Nurses on front lines (Clara Barton) • New Weapons = more efficient killing – Guns – Ironclads – Railroads About three quarters of all operations performed during the war - roughly 60,000 surgeries - were amputations Rifle Musket & Minié ball The rifle musket and Minie ball were the primary causes of the staggering casualty rates. Why? - They could be loaded quickly (an experienced soldier could load and fire up to four rounds a minute ) - grooved barrel made them more accurate at long ranges - the soft, hollow-based Minié ball flattened and deformed upon impact, while creating a shock wave that emanated outward Grant & Sherman’s Tactics Total Warfare • Sherman & Grant believed the war would end only if the Confederacy’s strategic, economic, and psychological capacity for warfare were decisively broken applied scorched earth policy – burn crops, kill livestock and consume supplies. – destroyed civilian infrastructure along his path of advance. Timeline – Turning Points of the War April 2nd – Lee order retreat from Petersburg and Richmond is evacuated April 9th – Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House April – June – other Confederate Generals surrender April 14/15th – Lincoln is assassinated Life During the War How did the Civil war bring temporary and lasting changes to American Society? North Both South • Raised cost of imported goods through tariffs • Sale of bonds to pay for the war • Homeland Act makes land available in the west for those willing to farm it • Used Income tax to pay for the war • Conscription needed to provide soldiers • Issue paper money • Seize private property to ‘support’ the war effort • Suspend Habeas Corpus • Inflation • “Blockade Runners’ used to deliver supplies • Tax on farm produce • Agricultural work complicated by military operations • Seize Union weapons, food, & supplies Civil War Letters Written Document Analysis 1. Analyze the basic information of the civil war letters using the National Archives Document Analysis sheet 3. Pair Share Sheet - Civil War letter Analysis Worksheet 2. Complete the Civil War letter Analysis Worksheet questions on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Meet with your partner and quickly summarize what your letter was about. 2. Fill in the table to compare and contrast your letters Civil War Letters Major Topics Covered/ Major Concerns of letter writer Motivations for fighting/ Description of Wartime Experience Role of women in the Civil War Why are Civil War letter so important to historical research? What can we learn from these letters about life during the Civil War, both on and off the battlefield? These letters often contain accounts of battles, life in camp, and general news. How did the Emancipation Proclamation and the efforts of African Americans solders affect the course of the war? I. The Push Toward Emancipation A. Enslaved African Americans seek refuge. 1. Enslaved people come under Union control 2. Fugitives are considered contraband (still property) B. Lincoln Plans for Emancipation Proclamation 1. Cabinet supports the plan (Team of Rivals) 2. Agree to wait for major Union Victory C. Battle of Antietam (Sept. 17th 1862) (McClellan had been advancing toward Richmond) 1. Bloodiest single day of the Civil War, * McClellan fails to follow Lee’s forces & possible end the war, gets fired by Lincoln 2. Lincoln claims victory II. Emancipation at Last A. Lincoln issues E.P. 1. Declares slaves in states during rebellion to be free 2. does not apply to border states B. Effects of the E.P 1. Does not free a single slave (only ‘frees’ southern slaves…) 2. Redefines the war as being "about slavery" 3. Ends any chance for a negotiated end to the war Describe the immediate outcomes and effects of the battles of the Civil War. • Effects of the War – More than 600,000 dead and hundreds of thousands maimed – Economic boom in the North – Southern landscape in Shambles – Many people (in the South) left homeless – Former slaves now free – Role of the Federal government grows, first as a way to stabilize the situation, later to move the nation forward What lasting impacts did the Civil War have on the North and the South? • As many as 750,000 men died in the conflict, equivalent in proportion to 7.5 million dead in 2012. • Establishment of Memorial Day Reconstruction Main Ideas • • • • What was Reconstruction? Who were Radical Republicans? How did Reconstruction change society? What were the success and failures of Reconstruction? Key Terms Chapter 22 The Ordeal of Reconstruction What is Reconstruction? • Attempt to achieve national reunification and reconciliation after the Civil War and to improve the status of former slaves (freedmen). • Major questions of Reconstruction: – How should states and leaders be handled? Punished? Forgiven? Somewhere in between? • President Johnson pardoned most rebel leaders **The Freedmen’s Bureau** • Created by Congress on March 3, 1865 • Purpose was to help unskilled, uneducated, povertystricken, ex-slaves and poor-whites survive • Headed by Union General Oliver O. Howard • Authorized forty acres of confiscated land to former slaves, rarely happened though • Most success was in EDUCATION Different Views of Reconstruction • 1863, Lincoln proclaimed his “10 %” plan – If 10% of voters in 1860 election pledge loyalty to US and abide by emancipation, state could be readmitted – Very forgiving plan • Wade-Davis Bill: – Required 50% of voters to take oath of allegiance before readmission – “Pocket-vetoed” by Lincoln • Johnson’s Plan: – Similar to Lincoln’s plan, recognized “10%” governments, called for states to ratify 13th amendment The Black Codes • Designed to regulate the affairs of the emancipated Blacks – Way to keep former slaves down and keep a steady labor supply • Many Blacks signed contracts to work for low wages for same employer for 1 year – Penalties for “jumping” contracts, bounty hunters to catch jumpers • Other aspects of codes: – Blacks couldn’t serve on a jury or vote • Many former slaves were forced to become “Sharecroppers” – Tenants are allowed to use land in exchange for giving percentage of crops to owner Congressional Reconstruction • Many Southern confederates were now in office (Including former VP as Senator of GA). This infuriates Republicans, call for harsh treatment of South…… Johnson clashes with Congress No more political • Civil Rights Bill (1865):office (Vetoed Johnson) forbyme! – Gave Blacks citizenship and aimed to destroy Black Codes • 14th amendment: (passed to make sure Civil Rights Bill could not be overturned) – Grants citizenship to Blacks (and all born in US) – Former Confederate office holders could not hold state or federal office – Reduced Electoral representation to those states that deny Blacks the right to vote Military Reconstruction • Reconstruction Act (March 2, 1867): – Divided the South into 5 military zones controlled by Union generals • Congressional requirements for readmission: – Seceded states must ratify 14th amendment – Guarantee suffrage to former adult male slaves in state constitutions • 15th amendment: Suffrage for Blacks – No mention of holding office – No suffrage for women Memory Aid for 13 - 15 • • • • Free, Citizens, Vote 13th = freedom 14th = citizenship granted 15th = universal male suffrage Key Reconstruction Terms • Scalawag: – Southerners that favored the North and supported Reconstruction • Carpet Bagger: – Northerners who moved to the South in order to gain power and profit • KKK – Purpose was to prevent blacks from voting and intimidate whites that supported blacks voting – Did so by flogging, mutilating, and murdering • Force Acts of 1870 and 1871: – Federal troops were sent to quell the KKK’s intimidation • Literacy tests was another way to prevent blacks from voting Johnson is Impeached • 1st President to be impeached – Only one other one has been impeached. Who? Why? • Tenure of Office Act – Passed by Congress requiring Senate to approve removal of cabinet member • Congress knew Johnson would violate law, when he did House impeached him • By margin of 1 vote, Johnson is not removed End of Reconstruction…. • Compromise of 1877 ends Reconstruction….. • Chapter 23, WICKED Important Key Questions 1. How do we bring the South back into the Union? 2. How do we rebuild the South after its destruction during the war? 4. What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction? 3. How do we integrate and protect newlyemancipated black freedmen? President Lincoln’s Plan 10% Plan * Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) * Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South. * He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction. * Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers. (VERY CONTROVERSIAL) * When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen. Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats. Freedmen’s Bureau School President Andrew Johnson Jacksonian Democrat. Anti-Aristocrat. White Supremacist. Agreed with Lincoln that states had never legally left the Union. President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson) In new constitutions, they must accept minimum conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts. Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions. 1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates. EFFECTS? 2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations. 3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South! Growing Northern Alarm! Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements. Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons. Revival of southern defiance. BLACK CODES Purpose: Restore pre-emancipation system of race relations. Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers]. Sharecropping Congress Breaks with the President Congress bars Southern Congressional delegates. Joint Committee on Reconstruction created. February, 1866 President vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau bill. March, 1866 Johnson vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act. Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!! The Civil War Amendments • The 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments 13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. th 14 Amendment Ratified in July, 1868. * Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people. * Insure against neo-Confederate political power. * Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy. Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens! 15th Amendment Ratified in 1870. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote! The Civil Rights Act of 1875 Crime for any individual to deny full & equal use of public conveyances and public places. Prohibited discrimination in jury selection. Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement mechanism. No new civil rights act was attempted for 90 years! President Ulysses S. Grant Grant presided over an era of unprecedented growth and corruption. Rumors of corruption during Grant’s first term discredit Republicans. Concern over westward expansion and Indian wars. Reconstruction’s Success & Failures Success • Tax funded Public Schools for African Americans in the South • 13th, 14th and 15th amendments passed (then ignored) • … NOT Very Successful Failures • Unequal resources • Lots of promises (40 Acres and a mule) but no follow through • Black codes undermine equality Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South Black Senate & House Delegates End of Reconstruction “The Corrupt Bargain” A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877 = The Abandonment of Reconstruction - Hayes becomes President & federal troops withdrawn from the South (Southern democrats take control again) 1876 Presidential Election Battles and Effects Analysis http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/lifestyle/special/civil-war-interactive/civil-warbattles-and-casualties-interactive-map/ Based on information by year or over all four years, talk about why particular battles were fought in certain geographic locations. For example, why were there so many in Missouri in 1861? Why were there fewer battles in December, January and February? • http://www.barrow.k12.ga.us/hes/classrooms /html/civil_war_webquest.html#cwtask http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/civil -war How did Lincoln defend the American union from states seeking to leave or "secede" from the Union? • http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/firstinaugural-address-1861mdashdefendingamerican-union#sect-activities Additional Lesson Material on Legal Challenges, time permiting Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th Amendments The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873) The court offered a narrow definition of the 14th Amendment. It distinguished between national and state citizenship. It gave the states primary authority over citizens’ rights. Therefore, the courts weakened civil rights enforcement! Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th Amendments Bradwell vs. Illinois (1873) Myra Bradwell, a female attorney, had been denied the right to practice law in Illinois. She argued that in the 14th Amendment, it said that the state had unconstitutionally abridged her “privileges and immunities” as a citizen. The Supreme Court rejected her claim, alluding to women’s traditional role in the home. Therefore, she should NOT be practicing law! Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th Amendments U. S. vs. Reese, et. al. (1876) The Court restricted congressional power to enforce the KKK Act. The court ruled that the STATE alone could confer voting rights on individuals. The 15th Amendment did NOT guarantee a citizen’s right to vote, but just listed certain impermissible grounds to deny suffrage. Therefore, a path lay open for Southern states to disenfranchise blacks for supposedly non-racial reasons [like lack of education, lack of property, etc.] Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th Amendments U. S. vs. Cruickshank (1876) LA white supremacists accused of attacking a meeting of Blacks & were convicted under the 1870 Enforcement Acts. The Court held that the 14th Amendment extended the federal power to protect civil rights ONLY in cases involving discrimination by STATES. Therefore, discrimination by individuals or groups were NOT covered. Legal Challenges to the 14th & 15th Amendments Civil Rights Cases (1883) The Court declared the 1875 Civil Rights Act unconstitutional. The Court held that the 14th Amendment gave Congress the power to outlaw discriminations by the states, but NOT by private individuals. Black people must no longer “be the special favorites of the laws.” Therefore, this marked the end of federal attempts to protect African American rights until well into the 20c!