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F;. +!. -. #t ry+ '1 r st.... ";=ffi li=ffi .-ffi ;:ffi :# .G! r ' ,tr: 4'" A: F !€ *-. e\ a .& ffi & GREEI6 df.TTIIOLOET Ue&[Niil THE NINE EEEEK dI,USES F&ffi S/! 'rv.',, e Muse of Astronomy .ir TE&PSICHO&E f,t Muse of Choral dance 0CIR0re I'SoNC r'r, !.? ,/r '{/ i!i ri6 -=:'-./ Muse of History f THiltiil bi\ Muse I I of Comedy v/ l'/ tV )? POTTIITJiIINid Muse Eru*TO JiltEtPodi[ENd Muse of Traged y rrt Muse of Love Po et ry of Sacred edtti0PE Muse of Epic THI NlNr .'Sing ^fiufrf oF THt to me oh Muse"... The Nine Muses of the GBllr /|\YTHOIOCY were deities thot gave that reveols Hesiod ortiJts, philosophers and individuals the necessory inspiration for creation. they were colled Muses or Mouses in Greek, os the Greek word "mosis" refers to the desire and wish. The word museum olso comes from the Greek Muses. gree-ts My-llhglggy All the ancient writers oppeol to the Muses at the beginning of their work. l'lomer osks the Muses both in the Iliod and Odyss ey lo help him tell the story in the most proper way, ond until today the Muses are symbols of inspirotion ond artisfic creation. In pointing the Muses are usually presented os ethereal women with divine beouty, holding lourels and other items depending on their facultY. to the Greek Myths, God zeus bewildered the young woman Mnemosyne and slept with her for nine consecutive nights. The result of their encounter was the Nine Muses, who According were similor to everYthing the bobies to Nymph Eufime and Apollo the God. The Nine Muses were: Clio, Euterpe, thalio, Melpomeni, Terpsichore, Erafo, Polymnia, Ourania and Calliope. When they grew up they showed their lendency to the arts, taught by God Apollo himself. Mnemosyne gave They were not interested in onything of the regular human everydoy life and they wonted lo dedicote their lives to the Arts. Apollo brought them to the big ond beautiful Mount Elikonos, where the older Temple of zeus used to be. Ever since, the Muses supporfed ond encouroged creafion, enhancing imaginotion and inspiration of the artists. Muses ond Arts According to the Greek Mythology, two Muses invented theory and practice in learning, three Muses invented the musical vibrotions in Lyre, four Muses invented the four known dialects in the longuage Attica, Ionian, Aeolian ond Dorian ond five muses the five humon senses. Seven muses invented the seven chords of the lyre, the seven celestiol zones, the seven planets ond the seven vocals of the Greek Alphobet. - - Anolytically the Nine Muses are: Clio: The Muse Clio discovered history and guitar. l'listory was named Clio in the ancient yeors, because it refers to "kleos" the Greek word for the heroic acts. Clio wos olways represented with a clarion in the right arm and a book in the left hand. l. Eulerpe: Muse Euterpe discovered several musicol instruments, courses and diolectic. She was always depicted holding a flute, while mony insfruments were olways oround her. ?. 3. Thalio: Muse Thalia wos the profector of comedy; she discovered comedy, geometry, architectural science and agriculture. She was olso protector of Symposiums. She was olways depicled holding a theatricol - comedy mask. 4. Melpomenez Opposite from Thalia, Muse Melpomene was the protector of Tragedy; she invented tragedy, rheforic speech and Melos. She was depicted holding a tragedy mosk ond usuolly bearing a bat. 5. Terpsichore: Terpsichore wos the proleclor of dance; she invented donces, lhe harp ond educotion. She was called Terpsichore because she was enjoying and having fun with dancing ("Terpo" in Greek refers Io be omused). she was depicled wearing laurels on her heod, holding a harp and dancing. 6. Erato: Muse Eroto was the protector of Love ond Love Poelry - as well as wedding. Her name comes from the Greek word "Eros" that refers to the feeling of falling in love. shl was depicted holding a lyre and love arrows ond bows. 7. Polymnia: Muse Polymnio was the protecfor of fhe divine hymns and mimic art; she invented geometry and grommar. She was depicted looking up to the Sky, holding o lyre. 8. Ourania: Muse Ourania was fhe protector of the celestial objects ond stars; she inventeil astronomy. She was always depicted bearing stars, a celestial sphere and o bow compass. 9. Calliope: Muse Calliope was the superior Muse. She wos occompanying kings and princes in order to impose justice and serenity. She wos the protector of heroic poems ond rhetoric arf. According to the myth, Homer asks from Calliope to inspire him while writing Iliad and odyssey, and, thus, Calliope is depicted holding laurels in one hand ond the two Homeric poems in the other hand. The Nine Muses have been inspiring artists since the antiquify and there counless paintings, drawings, designs, Poems and stotues dedicaled to them. All ortists of the Renoissance acknowledged their importance in ortistic creation, dedicoting their works to the Muses. Today, the most famous depiction of the Muses in sculpture is in Greece, in Corfu; the Empress Sissi of Ausfria had their statues made for her, in order to ornament the garden of her retreat house in Corfu, the famous Achilleion. hltpz/ /www.greekmyths-greekmythology.comlnine-muses-in-greek-mytho logy / t(o l- t^ AJ vt Lh UE bo q; ,AJ L !-\J o! cbo q-u t^- oa +. 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OJ E C = (o o 4., I AJ !- d !- J : - =Lj o o o- AJ o- J OJ AJ C (o .> (o tU OJ o b{ o t- o .2 o rh \? o E ol o \) F .9 .= L olrl I J 'ro o (J '6 L (g LL AJ E E E E LU t- lo o .tJ (o F F F F F AJ o € 6 € U U The Muses, the Graces, and the Fates The Muses ln ancient 6reece, the Muses (mousai), nine daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne (memory) were said to give inspiration to poets and artists. They are: Calliope (epic poetry); Clio (history); Erato (love poetry and mimicry); Euterpe (music); Melpomene (tragedy); Polyhymnia (hymns, sacred poetry, mime); Terpsichore (dancing); Thalia (comedy); and Urania (astronomy). They are closely associated with Apollo and Dionysus. Apollo and Dionysus were brothers and sons of Zeus. Dionysus playing it. Apollo was the god of music and is often invented the lyre and gave it to Apollo who loved shown with the Muses. Dionysus enjoyed good times, music, and theatre. Mortals inspired by Muses include Homer (poet), Socrates (philosopher), and Aristophanes (playwright). Vase painters and sculptors decorated pieces with the Muses as a central theme. lt is believed that there were originally three muses, but the number increased to nine. The Romans gave the Muses names and attributes. The word "music" has its origin in the word "muse." The Muses continued to inspire painters, like the Dutch master, Vermeer, the Cerman painter Hans Rottenhammer, and SimonVouet, a French artist inthe l6th and 17th Centuries. American poet James 6. Percival wrote "An Ode to Music" in the early 1800s. The Muses inspired waltzes and marches in the 1800s: Julius Bernstein's "Nine Muse\y/altz"(1879). The 20th Century composer, lgor Stravinsky, who was fascinated by the ancient 6reeks, wrote Apollon Musagete. Choreographer George Balanchine visualized the music and created movement for the god Apollo and the Muses Terpsichore, Polyhymna, and Calliope to create the ballet, Apo//o.ln 1928, this ballet made George Balanchine famous and it remains in dance repertoires throughout the world. Function in literature The muses are typically invoked at or near the beginning of an epic poem or classical 6reek hymn. They have served as aids to an author of prose, too, sometimes represented as the true speaker, for whom an author is only a mouthpiece. Originally, the invocation of the Muse was an indication that the speaker was working inside the poetic tradition, according to the established formulas. Bauernschub, Mary Beth. "lnspired by the Muses, C'races, and Fates." ArtsEdge. The Kennedy Center. 6 Jan center.orglcont ent/ 3 605 / > . 2009 <http://artsedge.kennedy- 9 t Six Classic Examples Homer, in Book I of The Odysseu. "Sing to me of the man, Muse, the man of twists and turns driven time and again off course, once he had plundered the hallowed heights of Troy." BS&r.!_fqgki translation, 1996) Virgil, in Book I of the Aeneid. O Muse! the causes and the crimes relate: What goddess was provok'd, and whence her hate; For what offense the Queen of Heav'n began To persecute so brave, so just a man; [...] [Sh! !ryde! translation, 1697) Catullus, in Carmen l: "And so, have them for yourself, whatever kind of book it and whatever sort, oh patron Muse let it last for more than one generation, eternally." is, (Student translation, 2OO7) Dante Alighieri, in Canto ll of The lnferno: O Muses, O high genius, aid me now! O memory that engraved the things I saw, Here shall your worth be manifest to all! (Anthony Esolen translation, 20O2) John Milton, opening of Book l of Paradise Lost. Of Man's first disobedience, and the fruit Of that forbidden tree whose mortal taste Brought death into the World, and all our woe, With loss of Eden, till one greater Man Restore us, and regain the blissful Seat, Sing, Heavenly Muse, [...] C'ustave Moreau, Hesiod and the Muse (1891). Mus6e d'Orsav, Paris William Shakespeare, Act I, Prologue of Henry V Chorus: O for a Muse of fire, that would ascend The brightest heaven of invention, A kingdom for a stage, princes to act And monarchs to behold the swelling scene! Ceoffrey Chaucer, in Book ll of Troilus and Criseyde: O lady myn, that called art Cleo, Thow be my speed fro this forth, and my Muse, To ryme wel this book til I haue do; Me nedeth here noon othere art to vse. ffor-whi to euery louere I me excuse That of no sentement I this endite, But out of Latyn in my tonge it write. "Muse." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.23 Dec2OO8. 6 Jan 2QO9 <http:/len.wikipedia.orelVindex.php?title=Muse&oldid=259790588>. 10 -$NC TO Yl, OH l\Utro.. The Muses of Greek mythology hod one of the most importont functions of all: to inspire poets and promote the arts ond sciences. The fortunate person inspired by them wos held in the highest esteem and considered sacred far beyond any priest. The Muses were oflen described as the queens of song, ond no Olympian banquet was complete without them. According to the earliest writers the Muses were the inspiring goddesses of songs, and they evenfually were portrayed as divinities presiding over the different kinds of poetry and over the orts and sciences. As patrons of ihe fine arts, the Muses promoted fhe more civilized aspects of human existence. The ancient writer Hesiod said of them, "They ore dll of one mind, their heorts ore set upon song and their spirit is free from core. He is hoppy whom the Muses love. For though o mon hos sorrow ond grief in his soul, yet when the servont of the Muses sings, of once he forgets his dork thoughts and remembers not his troubles. Such is the holy gift of the Muses to men.tt That was the reason that the Muses were freguently invoked over thousonds of years of ortistic expression and remain yeI today reference poinis for artists, poets, writers and musicians. They were said to be the daughfers of zeus, king of the Olympian gods, and Mnemosyne, the goddess of Memory, even though others cloim thot their parents were actually Uronus (Sky) and Gaea (Mother Earth). They were born in Pieria, at the foot of Mount Olympus. After the Titans had been defeated and Zeus had consolidated his rule and estoblished himself as the supreme Olympion, he lay with the Titoness Mnemosyne for nine nights because he needed to creote someone io sing of his glory. The result wos the Muses. Seated on lofty Mount Olympus near the throne of zeus, they song of his greatness, obout the marvelous deeds of lhe splendid Greek heroes and of the origin of the stars, the earfh, and all iis wonderful creatures. They also delighted in parties and feasts and took great pleasure in song and dance. But they weren't just beoutiful party onimols...It was the Muses who discovered lellers and thus created poetry and writing. They were brilliant. The Muses took joy in communicotion and gave birth to dialogue, in essence helping to create that which they sang about. By praising the gods, they compleled their glory. By boasting of the glorious deeds of valiant worriors they forever etched those names in history - If the Muse didn't sing obout you, you were forgotten...it wos olmost os if you had never existed. The god dearest to them was Apollo and they were his faithful followers. For fhat reason he is often col]ed the Musegetes, which meons "Leader of the Muses". A few others claim thot Hypnos, the god of Sleep, was fheir fovorite. Beside them on Mount Olympus were seated the three Charifes (Graces), who were the aitendanfs of Aphrodife and personified charm and beauty, and next to the Graces sat Himerus (Desire). After Pegosus the flying horse was born the young colt was taken in by the goddess Athena ond carried to Mount Helicon where she entrusted the Muses with his care. In his excitement at meeting the sisfers, young Pegosus struck fhe the side of the mountoin with his hooves and caused the springs of Aganippe and Hippocrene to gush forth their bounty of inspirafion. These springs were socred to the Muses as were all springs and wells. Urania, the Muse of Astronomy and Universal Love (also an aspect of Aphrodite) showed the most inierest in the rearing of Pegasus. Prophesying of his future heroic deeds and eventuol celestial honor she grieved the most when Belterophon, of Athena's beckoning, come to take Pegasus away from Mount Helicon. Uranio rejoiced when Pegasus rejoined the Muses on Mount Olympus following the death of Bellerophon. The Muses ore sometimes called the Pierides, but others think thot these were nine sisters, daughters of a man called Pierus, who dared chollenge the Muses in a contest of song and, having been defeated, were turned into mogpies, greenfinches, goldfinches, ducks and other birds. The Pierides were not fhe only ones punished by the Muses for competing against them. A minstrel named Thamyris engaged in o musical confesf wifh the Muses in a city called Dorium, but of course he lost and they took his eyes and minstrelsy. But others say that, for his foolish boast against the Muses, he wos first punished in Hades. Demodocus was another man whom fhey deprived of his eyes, buf at least he received the gift of song from them. the Sirens were supposed to be daughters of the Muse of danee Terpsichore and the river god Achelous, stitl they were prompted by Hera to compete in song with the Muses and noturally couldn't match them. As punishmenf the Muses plucked their feothers ond made crowns out of them for fhemselves. Even though Another one of their victims was King Pyreneus of Daulis. Fle atiempted lo forcibly seduce the ' Muses buf perished when he leapt from the pinnacle of a tower trying to follow them - The Muses could fly...the king couldn't... The Muses taught Aristaeus the orts of prophecy ond healing, and instructed the nymph Echo to play beautiful music. Their disciples olso included fhe Sphinx, who learned her riddle from ihem, and Musaeus, whom some call a son of the great poet Orpheus, was frained by the Muses. The Muses sing usually for the gods, buf they are said to have sung in other speciol occasions such as the funerol of Achilles, the fallen hero of the Trojan War, ond the weddings of Peleus, and of Codmus & Harmonia. But it wds rdre indeed for fhe Muses to sing other thon for the gods. The sacrifices offered to the Muses, in return for divine inspiration, consisfed of libations of water or milk, ond of honey. The number of Muses varies over time. At first only one Muse wos spoken of but later poets menfion lhree: Melete (Proctice, Study), Mneme (Memory), and hoede (Song). They were nymphs in Pieria, which is found in western Thrace, and their cult was brought to Mounf Helicon in Boeotia by the Aloads. (Mount Helicon wds one of the Muses' sacred mountoins, the others being Pierus in Pieria, where they were born, Mount Parnassus with its Castalion spring and, naturally, Mount Olympus. The worship of the Muses was introduced from Thrace and Pieria into Boeotia, particulorly the aforementioned Mount Helicon and its sacred fountains of Agonippe ond Hippocrene.) Eventually it become accepted that there were nine muses: Calliope, Clio, Erato, Eulerpe, Melpomene, Polyhymnia, Terpsichore, Thalic, and Uronia. Each had her own domain: Colliope is the eldest and most distinguished of the nine Muses and initially identified with philosophy. She is fhe Muse of eloquence and epic or heroic poetry. Calliope, which medns "beautiful voice", is fhe mofher of the great poets and musicians Orpheus and Linus with Apolto. When Persephone, goddess of the Underworld, argued with the goddess of love Aphrodite over the affections of hondsome Adonis, Zeus sent wise Calliope lo be the judge and arbitress. She decided thot Adonis should spent part of the yeor with Persephone and the rest with Aphrodite. Her emblems ate a stylus ond wax toblets, and sometimes with o roll of paper or q book. Clio is the Muse of hisforical and heroic poeiry. Wiih Pierus, the king of Macedonio, she is the mother of Hyacinth, who was occidentally killed by his beloved Apolto while practicing throwing the discus one day. She was credited for introducing the Phoenician olphabet into Greece. Her attribute is usuolly a parchment scroll or a set of tablets. She is often also represenled in a sitting or sfanding aftitude, with an open ro11 of paVer, or chest of books. Her name meons "Proclaimer" ond she is so named because her songs and those of the poets besfow everlasting glory upon those praised by her. Erato is the Muse of lyric poetry, particularly love and erotic poetry, and mimicry. Her name medns "Lovely" ond she is usually depicted with a lyre. She is so named because she turns those who follow her into men who are desired and worthy to be loved. She is particulorly fond of the poets of love. Euterpe's name meons "Delight" ond indeed she brings delight and joy to oll those who heor her sing. She was the Muse of lyric poetry and music, parficularly the flute, which she invented. The double-flute is her attribute. Melpomene is the Muse of fragedy. She is usually represented with o tragic mosk, the club of Hercules or a sword, and wearing the cofhurnus, which are the boots traditionally worn by tragic actors. o knife or club in one hand, a mask in the other, and her head is surrounded with vine leaves. Her name loosely translates to "choir" and she is named because of her chanting which charms and inspires her listeners. Somefimes she holds Potyhymnia is the Greek Muse of the sublime ond sacred hymn, eloquence and donce. She is usually represented in a pensive or meditating position ond appears without any attribute. She is a serious looking womdn, dressed in a long cloak and resfing wifh an elbow on o pillar. Sometimes she holds o finger to her mouth. Her name means "many songs" and is sometimes spelled Polymnia. She is so named because by her greot praises she brings honor and distinction to writers and poeis whose works have won for fhem immortol fome. Terpsichore is the Muse of dancing and the dramatic chorus, and lafer of lyric poetry. Hence the word terpsichorean, perfaining to dance. She is usual[y represented seated and holding a lyre or a plectrum. According to some traditions, she is the mother of the Sirens with the river-god Achelous. She is also occasionally mentioned as the mother of Linus by Apollo. Terpsichore delights her disciples wifh the good fhings to be aftoined from education, choral dance and song. Those who have honored her in dances are dearest to her. Thalia presided over comedy and posforal, merry and idyllic poelry. She also favored rural pursuifs ond is represenled holding o comic mask and a shepherd's staff, or a wreath of ivy, which ore the attribufes she is most often associoted with. She is worshipped becouse the fome of those whose praises she sings flourishes and Iasts for long periods of time. Pleose note thot Thalia is also fhe nome of one of the three Graces (Chorifes). Urania is the Greek Muse of asfronomy, astrology and Universal love. Along with her sister Muse Terpsichore she is occasionally mentioned as the mother of Linus by Apotlo. She is represented with a globe in her left hand and a peg in her right hand. Urania is dressed in a cloak embroidered with stors ond she keeps her eyes towards the sky. Her name means "Hedvenly" and Uronia is so named because she raises her disciples to heavenly heights. Among her other tolents she could foretell the future by the position of the stars. Those who are most concerned with philosophy and ihe heavens are dearest to her. httpz/ lmythman.com/ ' E. 3 a € Ea $ {> l)O 3d AT 6L: +B 6r vio o6 ,)= E.o is F {sF EI \: o TS R: $s FS 06E. *$s € ii rl Jr$c-'p nB $.i$ ;qG f;Fr €ao- H# *xn FF f 5r '? 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E +lz=6r{r€r 3'r 0 - &Q; i +i F1 el6;q1=€ <zQ;JD:,d5 H5 6 E 3 e a o ! 3 z n C Z U T € Z o lo g o -3 D 6r OLYMPUS The Muses The nine Muses - immortal nymphs, nature spirits whose father was zeus - were the source of inspiration to poets, dramatists and musicians. They were precisely personified, each with her own duties and her own sYmbolism. Although most Personifications of virtues or of natural Phenomena were not given detailed characterizations, the Muses were an exception. This was because it was the religious dutY of all poets to acknowledge them as the source of their creative artistry. Over the centuries the invocations to each became more distinctive, and the Muses developed their identities. The Muses were the children of Zeus and MnemosYne, the Titan goddess of memorY. Each of the Muses had individual responsibilities, and together they represented the comPlete range of the classical arts. Calliope was the muse of ePic, heroic poetry, ranked most senior of all the arts. Clio rePresented history, the recounting of which was considered an art in the classical world. EuterPe was the muse of lyric poetry and its accompanyi ng music. Thal ia inspired festivals as well as the forms of pastoral and comic poetry that evolved from the sometimes riotous Processions that were a central Part of manY of them. Melpomene, the muse of tragedy, was always dePicted as being more solemn than the others. Terpsichore influenced dancing. Erato was the insPira- tion of tender or amorous poetry; in Roman times she was also associated with APril, which was seen as the month of lovers. Polyhymnia's provinces were song, the lyre and musical entertainments. The ninth muse, Urania, represented astronomy, indicating the poetic and mYthological importance of the stars and planets. The Muses were flowerbedecked virgins who lived in woods and beside fountains. They were often shown dancing in a circle, holding hands, to suggest the intimate connection between all the arts. Laurel bushes were sacred to the Muses, and winners of the great festival competitions in PoetrY and in drama were crowned with wreaths made from these plants. The laurel was also the plant sacred to Apollo (see Page 1 31 ), the Olympian Patron of song and the lyre who was associated with the Muses. For this j; reason, he was sometimes known as Apollo Musegetes, or leader of the Muses. This detail from a carving decorating a Roman sarcophagus dating from the 1st century ro shows two of the Muses accompanying a musician. Artists throughout the classical world called upon the Muses for creative inspiration. They were invoked at the beginning of poems and PlaYs, and poets vied with one another to be the most fulsome in their praise of them. 48 (; () l) (i \ l) r) l- \ l) \ \ | I 'l! -- ';- ANC ESTI{Y Mruevosvrue Zeus & ':3 fr Tsr ':3 * RHEA * ,iI r'i. cALLtopE .i? POYLHYMNIA .i3 TERPSICHORE (epic poetry) (mine) (lightverse and dance) CRONUS ZEUS MELPOMENE god ,.. .'i cLlo ,i3 EI]TERPE ,i3 ERATO goooess (history) (ftute) (lyrical choral poetry) ':3 URAN/A (astronomy) (tragedy) -t * 4 ziI THALIA (comedy) man I *oman *rHE In URANUS MNEMOSYNE ':3 Muses * CAIA ':3 MUSES Greeh and Roman mytbologt, nine goddesses of the arts. he Muses were the , daughters of the , Titaness Mnemosyne (Memory) and Zeus. They were the source of inspiration to artists, writers, and musicians. Believed to be virgins living n the woods, sometimes near Fountains, they were often depicted holding hands and dancing in a circle to symbolize the connection berween the arts. The Muses embodied the highest intellectual and artistic endeavors oF mankind, and their characteristics inspired people w[ro, in turn, were obliged'to acknowledge the Muses irs the source of their creativiry. Calliope was the Muse of epic poetry, considered to be the most important of the arts. | THE MUSES Euterpe inspired lyric poetry and its accompanying music. Terpsichore helped dancers. Clio was Muse to historians whose talent for explaining the past was rcgarded as an art form in ancient Greece. Thalia was the Muse to comedians and those involved in festivals, which were spirited occasions if she was present. The sixth Muse, Melpomene, was more serious than the others and inspired rragedy in drlma. Erato was Muse to amorous poetry; the Romans connected her with April, which was considered the month of lovers. Polyhymnia was associated with song and playing the lyre. The ninth Muse, tJrania, was inspirer of astronomy, important to the Greeks For its interpretive faculry in mythology and poetry. Overseeing all the Muses was the Olympian god Apollo, who is represented in art in many periods, including Raphaelt famous painting of Parnassus, the mountain near Delphi which was traditionally held sacred to Apollo and the Muses. The most famous progeny of the Muses was Orpheus, son of the Thracian king Oeagrr-rs and Calliope. After Apollo presented Orpheus with a lyre, the Muses taught him how to play it, compose lyrics, and sing. The result was said to be the best poetry and music the world hm ever known. Gooonsses oF'fHE Anls Apollo, Minerua, and the nine lnuses /tre shown, carrying symbok of their indiuidual rtrts. Malcolm Day