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Unit II. Heredity and Evolution
Subunit C. Evolutionary Biology
11 days (December 4-18)
AP BIOLOGY~Chapter 22: Descent with Modification: A Darwinian Way of Life
I. Darwin introduces a revolutionary theory
A. natural selection
B. evolutionary adaptation
C. evolution
II. The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by
unchanging species
A. Resistance to the idea of evolution
1. the scale of nature and classification of species
a. taxonomy
2. fossils, cuvier, and catastrophism
a. fossils
b. sedimentary rocks
c. paleontology
d. catastrophism
B. Theories of gradualism
1. gradualism
2. uniformitarianism
C. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
1. use and disuse
2. inheritance of acquired characteristics
III. In The Origin of Species, Darwin proposed that species change through natural
selection
A. Darwin’s research
1. the voyage of the Beagle
2. Darwin’s focus on adaptation
B. The Origin of Species
1. descent with modification
2. natural selection and adaptation
a. artificial selection
b. summary of natural selection
IV. Darwin’s theory explains a wide range of observations
A. Natural selection in action
1. differential predation and guppy populations
2. the evolution of drug-resistant HIV
B. Homology, biogeography, and the fossil record
1. homology
a. anatomical homologies
1) homologous structures
2) vestigial organs
b. molecular homologies
c. homologies and the tree of life
2. biogeography
a. endemic
3. the fossil record
C. What is theoretical about the Darwinian way of life?
AP BIOLOGY~Chapter 23: The Evolution of Populations
I. Population genetics provides a foundation for studying evolution
A. Microevolution
B. The modern synthesis
1. population genetics
2. modern synthesis
C. Gene pools and allele frequencies
1. population
2. gene pool
D. The Hardy-Weinberg Theorem
1. preservation of allele frequencies
2. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
3. conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
a. extremely large population size
b. no gene flow
c. no mutations
d. random mating
e. no natural selection
4. population genetics and human health
II. Mutation and sexual recombination produce the variation that makes evolution
possible
A. Mutation
1. point mutations
2. mutations that alter gene number or sequence
a. duplication
3. mutation rates
B. Sexual reproduction
III. Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter a population’s genetic
composition
A. Natural selection
B. Genetic drift
1. the bottleneck effect
2. the founder effect
C. Gene flow
IV. Natural selection is the primary mechanism of adaptive evolution
A. Genetic variation
1. variation within a population
a. polymorphism
1) phenotypic polymorphism
2) genetic polymorphism
b. measuring genetic variation
2. variation between populations
a. geographic variation
B. A closer look at natural selection
1. evolutionary fitness
a. fitness
b. relative fitness
2. directional, disruptive, and stabilizing selection
a. directional selection
b. disruptive selection
c. stabilizing selection
C. The preservation of genetic variation
1. diploidy
2. balancing selection
a. balancing selection
b. balanced polymorphism
c. heterozygote advantage
d. frequency-dependent selection
3. neutral variation
D. Sexual selection
1. sexual selection
2. sexual dimorphism
3. intrasexual selection
4. intersexual selection
E. The evolutionary enigma of sexual reproduction
F. Why natural selection cannot fashion perfect organism
AP BIOLOGY~Chapter 24: The Origin of Species
I. That “Mystery of Mysteries”
A. speciation
B. microevolution
C. macroevolution
II. The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation
A. The biological species concept
1. reproductive isolation
a. prezygotic barriers: impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating does
occur
1) habitat isolation
2) temporal isolation
3) behavioral isolation
4) mechanical isolation
5) gametic isolation
b. postzygotic barriers: prevent a hybrid zygote from developing into a
viable, fertile adult
1) reduced hybrid viability
2) reduced hybrid fertility
3) hybrid breakdown
2. limitations of the biological species concept
B. Other definitions of species
1. morphological species
2. paleontological specis
3. ecological species
4. phylogenetic species
III. Speciation cannot take place without geographic separation
A. Allopatric speciation
B. Sympatric speciation
1. polyploidy
2. habitat differentiation and sexual selection
C. Allopatric and sympatric speciation: a summary
D. Adaptive radiation
E. Studying the genetics of speciation
F. The tempo of speciation
1. graudalism
2. punctuated equilibrium
IV. Macroevolutionary changes can accumulate through many speciation events
A. Evolutionary novelties
B. Evolution of genes that control development
1. changes in rate and timing
2. changes in spatial pattern
C. Evolution is not goal oriented
AP BIOLOGY~Chapter 26: The Tree of Life: An Introduction to Biological
Diversity
I. Conditions on early Earth made the origin of life possible
A. Synthesis of organic compounds on early earth
1. Oparin and Haldane
2. Extraterrestrial sources of organic compounds
3. Looking outside Earth for clues about the origin of life
B. Abiotic synthesis of polymers
C. Protobionts
D. The “RNA” world and the dawn of natural selection
II. The fossil record chronicles life on Earth
A. How rocks and fossils are dated
1. radiometric dating
2. half-life
3. magnetic reversals
B. The geologic record
C. Mass extinctions
III. As prokaryotes evolved, they exploited and changed young Earth
A. The first prokaryotes
B. Electron transport systems
C. Photosynthesis and the oxygen revolution
IV. Eukaryotic cells arose from symbioses and genetic exchanges between prokaryotes
A. The first eukaryotes
B. Endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and plastids
C. Eukaryotic cells as genetic chimeras
V. Multicellularity evolved several times in eukaryotes
A. The earliest multicellular eukaryotes
B. The colonial connection
C. The “Cambrian Explosion”
D. Colonization of land by plants, fungi, and animals
E. Continenetal drift
VI. New information has revised our understanding of the tree of life
A. Previous taxonomic systems
B. Reconstructing the tree of life: a work in progress