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Chapter 4
Economics System
and Development
ប្រព័ន្ធសេដ្ឋ កិច្ចន្ិងការអភិវឌ្ឍ
ន្៍
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education,
Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Economic Systems
ប្រព័ន្ធសេដ្ឋ កិច្ច
Centrally Planned
សេដ្ឋ កិច្ចផែន្ការ
Mixed
សេដ្ឋ កិច្ចច្ររ
Market
សេដ្ឋ កិច្ចទីែារ
Government ownership of
Mostly private (individual
economic resources and
or business) ownership of
state planning
economic resources
Government and private
ownership of economic
resoures
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as
Prentice Hall
International Business 5e
Chapter 4 - 2
Centrally Planned Economy
សេដ្ឋ កិច្ចផែន្ការ
Government owns most land,
factories, and other economic
resources and plans nearly all
economic activity
 Welfare of the group
is paramount (ឧត្ដុងគឧត្ដ ម)
 Economic and social
equality is the goal
Asia
Central Europe
Eastern Europe
Latin America
Russia (1917)
China (1949)
Cuba (1959)
 “Communist” system
is needed
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as
Prentice Hall
International Business 5e
Chapter 4 - 3
Decline of Central Planning
ការធ្លាក់ច្ នន្សេដ្ឋ កិច្ចផែន្ការ
Central planning failed to:
ការររាជ័យនន្សេដ្ឋ កិច្ចផែន្ការ
 Create economic value ការរសងក ើត្ត្នមា សេដ្ឋ កិច្ច
 Provide incentives ការស ើកទឹកច្ិត្ត
 Achieve rapid growth ស បើន្ការ ូ ត្លាេ់
 Satisfy consumer needs ររសពញច្ិត្តត្ប្មូវការអត្ិថិជន្
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as
Prentice Hall
International Business 5e
Chapter 4 - 4
Focus on China
Socialism with
Chinese characteristics:
េងគ មន្ិយមផដ្ មាន្ កខ ណៈពិសេេររេ់
ច្ិន្
 Communist after civil
war ended in 1949
 Agricultural reforms
began in 1979
 Township and Village
Enterprises legal in 1984
 Aggressive reform
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as
Prentice Hall since that time
Challenges ahead:
រញ្ហាប្រឈមសៅសព ខាងមខ:
 Political problems and
social unrest (ភាពច្លាច្ )
 Unemployment and
migrant labor
 Eventual reunification
with Taiwan
 Advanced entrepreneurial
and management skills
International Business 5e
Chapter 4 - 5
Mixed Economy
សេដ្ឋ កិច្ចច្ររ
Government and private parties share ownership of land,
factories, and other economic resources rather evenly
Goals សោ ររណង:
 Low unemployment
and poverty
 Steady economic growth
 Equitable distribution
of wealth
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as
Prentice Hall
Stagnant ភាពប្ទឹង:
 State-owned businesses
uncompetitive (អាជីវកមម ររេ់រដ្ឋ មិន្
អាច្
ប្រកួ ត្ប្រផជង)
 Prices and taxes higher,
living standards mixed
 Privatized state firms to
boost competitiveness
International Business 5e
Chapter 4 - 6
Market Economy
សេដ្ឋ កិច្ចទីែារ
Private parties (individuals or businesses) own vast
majority of land, factories, and other economic resources
Supply ការែគត្់
ែគង់
Quantity of a good or
service that producers
are willing to provide at
a specific selling price
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Prentice Hall
Demand ត្ប្មូវការ
Quantity of a good or
service that buyers are
willing to purchase at a
specific selling price
International Business 5e
Chapter 4 - 7
Laissez-Faire Economics
សេដ្ឋ កិច្ច ផ
សេផវែ រ
Less government interference in commerce
ការសប្ជៀត្ផប្ជកររេ់រដ្ឋឋភិបា ត្ិច្ត្ួ ច្សៅកនុងាណណិជក
ជក មម
Free choice សេរ ីភាពនន្កាសរសប្ជើេ
សរ ីេ
• Consumers choose freely from
alternative purchase options
Free enterprise សេរ ីភាពេវប្ោេ
• Firms decide which products
to sell and markets to enter
Price flexibility ភាពរត្់ផរន្នថា
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as
Prentice Hall
• Most prices follow the forces
International
of Business
supply
5e and demand
Chapter 4 - 8
Government’s Role in a Market
Economy
(ត្ួ នាទីររេ់រដ្ឋឋភិបា កនុងសេដ្ឋ កច្
ិ ច ទីែារ)
 Enforce antitrust laws (ការពប្ងឹងការ
អន្វត្ត ច្ារ់ប្រឆរង)
 Preserve property rights (ការាណរច្ារ់
កមម េិទធិរញ្ហា)
 Provide fiscal and monetary
stability (ែត ់ន្ូវសេេរភាពសារសពើពន្ធ ន្ិងរ ូរិយវត្ថុ)
 Preserve political stability (រកា
ការាណរេេិរភាពន្សោបាយ)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as
Prentice Hall
International Business 5e
Chapter 4 - 9
Enforce Antitrust Laws
ការពប្ងឹងការអន្វត្ត ច្ារ់ប្រឆរង
Encourages development of industries with as many
competing businesses as market will sustain
ស ើកទឹកច្ិត្តដ្ ់ការអភិវឌ្ឍនន្ឧេាវកមម ជាមួ យការប្រកួ ត្ប្រផជងអាជីវកមម ជាសប្ច្ើន្សដ្ើមបី
ឲ្យទីែាររេ់បាន្

Keep stable for consumer prices
(រកាត្នមា ទរន្ិញសប្រើប្បាេ់ឲ្យមាន្សេេរភាព)

Prevents growth-stunting monopolies
(ការាណរករសណើន្សេដ្ឋ កិច្ចតាមរយៈទីែារដដច្់មខ)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as
Prentice Hall
International Business 5e
Chapter 4 - 10
Preserve Property Rights
ការាណរច្ារ់កមម េិទធិរញ្ហា
Encourages risk-taking by people and business as
claims to assets and future earnings are protected
ស ក
ើ ទឹកច្ិត្តឱ្យទទួ យកសដ្ឋយហាន្ិភ័យន្ិងអាជីវកមម សដ្ឋយមន្េសន្ិងអជីវកមម អាច្
ទាមទាយកប្ទពយេមបត្ត ិន្ិងេរណងប្បាក់ច្រសណញនាសព អនាគត្គឺប្ត្ូវបាន្ការាណរ
 Market economy needs strong property rights (សេដ្ឋ កិច្ចទីែារប្ត្ូវ
ការេិទធិកមម េិទធិរញ្ហា)
 Entrepreneurs start new businesses (េវប្គិន្ចារ់សែតើមអាជីវកមម
ថមី)
 Firms create new technologies and products (ប្ក ុមវន្រសងក ត្
ើ
ិ
រសច្ច ក វទាន្ិ
ងែ ិត្ែ ថម)ី
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as
Prentice Hall
International Business 5e
Chapter 4 - 11
Provide Fiscal & Monetary Stability
ែត ់ន្ូវសេេរភាពសារសពើពន្ធ ន្ិងរ ូរិយវត្ថុ
Encourages commerce in a nation because it
improves its reputation as a place to do business





Fiscal policies (taxation, government spending)
Monetary policies (money supply, interest rates)
Reduces overall uncertainty
Improves business forecasts
Low inflation and unemployment
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as
Prentice Hall
International Business 5e
Chapter 4 - 12
Preserve Political Stability
រកាការាណរេេិរភាពន្សោបាយ
Encourages businesses to engage in activities
without fear of disrupted future operations
 Promotes economic growth generally
 Reduces worries of political risk
 Improves chances for business survival
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as
Prentice Hall
International Business 5e
Chapter 4 - 13
Economic Freedom & Wealth
សេរ ីភាពន្ិងេខមា ភាពសេដ្ឋ កិច្ច
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as
Prentice Hall
International Business 5e
Chapter 4 - 14
Economic Development
ការអភិវឌ្ឍន្៍សេដ្ឋ កិច្ច
Economic well-being of one
nation’s people relative to
another nation’s people
 Economic output (agricultural,
industrial, service)
 Infrastructure (communications,
transportation, power)
 People (physical health,
education level)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as
Prentice Hall
Productivity is key
Ratio of outputs (that are
created) to inputs (resources
used to create output)
International Business 5e
Chapter 4 - 15
National Production
GDP is the value of goods and services that a nation produces
during a one-year period (GNP adds international activities)
Potential
problems
Purchasing
power parity
• Overlooks certain transactions
• Ignores economic growth rates
• May ignore purchasing power
Relative ability of two
countries’ currencies to buy
the same “basket” of goods in
those two countries
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as
Prentice Hall
International Business 5e
Chapter 4 - 16
National Wealth at PPP
Country
United States
Switzerland
Australia
Canada
United Kingdom
Japan
Czech Republic
Hungary
Mexico
Turkey
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as
Prentice Hall
GDP per Capita
(U.S. $)
PPP Estimate of
GDP per Capita
(U.S. = 100)
39,700
47,900
32,400
30,600
35,600
36,500
10,600
10,000
6,600
4,200
39,700
34,700
32,400
31,800
30,800
29,600
18,600
15,900
10,200
7,600
International Business 5e
Chapter 4 - 17
Human
Development Index
េន្ទ េសការអភិវឌ្ឍន្៍ធន្ធ្លន្
មន្េស
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as
Prentice Hall
International Business 5e
Chapter 4 - 18
Classifying Countries
ច្រណាត្់ថ្នាក់ររេ់ប្រសទេ
Developed Country Highly industrialized, highly efficient, and
ការអភិវឌ្ឍន្៍ប្រសទេ whose people enjoy a high quality of life
Emerging Market Newly industrialized countries plus those
ភាពរ ីកច្រស រ ីន្ទីែារ with potential to be newly industrialized
Newly Industrialized Recently greater national production and
Country exports from industrial operations
ប្រសទេឧេាវ៍កមម ថមី
Developing Country Poor infrastructure and extremely low
ប្រសទេករពង់អភិវឌ្ឍន្៍ personal income
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as
Prentice Hall
International Business 5e
Chapter 4 - 19
Economic Transition
ការដាេ់រតរសេដ្ឋ
ូ
កិច្ច
Fundamental reorganization of an economy and
the creation of new free-market institutions
Reforms include:

Reduce budget deficits and expand credit

Allow the “price mechanism” to determine prices
and economic activity

Legalize private firms and privatize state-owned
assets within a property rights framework

Remove barriers to trade and investment and
eliminate currency controls

Ensure social-welfare system to ease transition
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as
Prentice Hall
International Business 5e
Chapter 4 - 20
Obstacles to Transition
ឧរេគគ កនុងការដាេ់រតរូ
Lack of
managerial
Expertise
Capital
Shortage
ខែ ខាត្នន្មូ
ខែ ជរនាញរសច្ច កសទេ
Environmental
Degradation
Cultural
Differences
ភាពរ ិច្ររ ិ ររ ិសាេន្
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as
Prentice Hall
ធន្
ភារខេោានន្វរបធម៌
International Business 5e
Chapter 4 - 21