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The Rock Cycle Thinking about relationships among the major rock groups (Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic) Also see figure 1.12 on page 16 of the student textbook. Major Rock Groups • Igneous – Formed from a melt (i.e. molten rock) – Plutonic (i.e. intrusive): slow cooling and crystallization from a magma. – Volcanic (i.e. extrusion): quick cooling at the surface (lava). • Sedimentary – Formed at the Earth’s surface. – Clastic (mineral fragments or grains, clays) – Chemical (crystalline chemical/biochemical precipitates) • Metamorphic – Changed by pressure, temperature and hot chemical fluids. 3 Fig. 2.9 MAGMA IGNEOUS Crystallization MAGMA 5 IGNEOUS Plutonic Crystallization MAGMA 6 Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic Crystallization MAGMA 7 Weathering Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic Crystallization Uplift MAGMA 8 Weathering SEDIMENT Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic Crystallization Uplift MAGMA 9 Weathering SEDIMENT Erosion Transport Deposition Volcanic SEDIMENTARY IGNEOUS Plutonic Crystallization Uplift MAGMA 10 Weathering SEDIMENT Erosion Transport Deposition Lithification Volcanic SEDIMENTARY IGNEOUS Plutonic Crystallization Uplift MAGMA 11 Remember • Lithification = – Sediment turns to sedimentary rock by the processes of compaction and cementation. Weathering SEDIMENT Erosion Transport Deposition Lithification Volcanic SEDIMENTARY IGNEOUS Plutonic Increased P&T METAMORPHIC Crystallization Burial Uplift MAGMA 13 Remember • Note that the process of melting is not involved or associated with metamorphism. • Note that the grade of metamorphism could be increased (e.g., low-grade metamorphic rocks to high-grade metamorphic rocks) as the conditions of metamorphism are increased. SEDIMENT Weathering Erosion Transport Deposition Volcanic Can you see IGNEOUS any shortcuts? Lithification SEDIMENTARY Plutonic Increased P&T METAMORPHIC Crystallization Melting Burial Uplift MAGMA 15 Weathering SEDIMENT Erosion Transport Deposition Lithification Volcanic SEDIMENTARY IGNEOUS Plutonic Increased P&T METAMORPHIC Crystallization Melting Burial Uplift MAGMA 16 In Conclusion… • The rock cycle demonstrates the relationships among the three major rock groups. • It is powered by the interior heat of the Earth as well as Earth’s momentum and the energy from the sun. • It involves processes on Earth’s surface as well as the Earth’s interior. • It connects the “hydrologic cycle” with the “tectonic cycle”. Weathering SEDIMENT Erosion Transport Deposition Lithification Volcanic SEDIMENTARY IGNEOUS Plutonic Increased P&T METAMORPHIC Crystallization Melting Burial Uplift MAGMA 19
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