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Demand and Supply តម្រូវការនិងការផ្គតផ្់ ងគ ់ Learning Objectives គោលបំណងននការសិក្សា • How the demand curve summarizes the behavior of buyers in the marketplace. • How the supply curve summarizes the behavior of sellers in the marketplace. • How the supply and demand curves interact to determine the equilibrium price and quantity. • How shifts in supply and demand curves cause prices and quantities to change. What is the Market? គតើអ្វីគៅដែលគៅថាទីផ្ារ? • • Interaction between buyers and sellers. Markets may be • Local • National • International • Price is discovered in the interactions of buyers and sellers. Key Aspects of Markets ទសសនៈសំខាន់ៗរបស់ទផ្ី ារ Market Aspects Why to Produce? What to Produce ? When to Produce? Who will use the products? How to Produce? Where to Produce/Sell? Demand (តម្រូវការ) • Demand is defined as goods or services that consumers are willing and ready to pay/purchase at a given price. – Schedule or curve – Individual demand – Market demand – Demand Equation Law of Demand ច្បាប់របស់តម្រវូ ការ • Other things equal, as price falls the quantity demanded rises, and as price rises the quantity demanded falls. Notes: P = Price Qd = Quantity of Demand The Demand Curve ដសសគកាងតម្រវូ ការ • Demand curve (D) a schedule or graph showing the quantity of a good that buyers wish to buy at each price. The Demand Curve ដសសគកាងតម្រវូ ការ P 6 P Qd $5 10 4 20 3 35 2 55 Price (per bushel) 5 4 3 2 1 D 1 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Q Quantity Demanded (bushels per week) 9 Shifts in Demand បំដរបម្រលួ តម្រវូ ការ • Change in demand a shift of the entire demand curve. • Change in the quantity demanded a movement along the demand curve that occurs in response to a change in price. • Complements two goods are complements in consumption if an increase in the price of one causes a leftward shift in the demand curve for the other (or if a decrease causes a rightward shift) • Substitutes two goods are substitutes in consumption if an increase in the price of one causes a rightward shift in the demand curve for the other (or if a decrease causes a leftward shift). Determinants of Demand ក្សត្តាជៈឥទធពិ លតម្រូវការ Determinants of Demand: Factors That Shift the Demand Curve Determinant Examples Change in buyers’ tastes/preferences Physical fitness rises in popularity, increasing the demand for jogging shoes and bicycles; cell phone popularity rises, reducing the demand for land-line phones. Change in the number of buyers A decline in the birthrate reduces the demand for children’s toys. Change in income A rise in incomes increases the demand for normal goods such as restaurant meals, sports tickets, and necklaces while reducing the demand for inferior goods such as cabbage, turnips, and inexpensive wine. 13 Determinants of Demand (Con’t) ក្សត្តាជៈឥទធពិ លតម្រូវការ Determinants of Demand: Factors That Shift the Demand Curve Determinant Examples Change in the prices of related goods A reduction in airfares reduces the demand for bus transportation (substitute goods); a decline in the price of DVD players increases the demand for DVD movies (complementary goods). Change in consumer expectations Inclement weather in South America creates an expectation of higher future coffee bean prices, thereby increasing today’s demand for coffee beans. 14 Supply (ការផ្គត់ផ្គង)់ • • • • Schedule or curve Individual supply Market supply Supply Equation Law of Supply ច្បាប់របស់ការផ្គតផ្់ ងគ ់ • Other things equal, as price falls the quantity supplied falls, and as price rises the quantity supplied rises. Notes: P = Price Qs = Quantity of Supply Supply Equation សរីការការផ្គតផ្់ ងគ ់ Notes: C = intercept b = slope p = price Qs = Quantity of Supply The Supply Curve ដសសគកាងការផ្គតផ្់ ងគ ់ • Supply curve (S) a graph or schedule showing the quantity of a good that sellers wish to sell at each price. 18 The Supply Curve ដសសគកាងការផ្គតផ្់ ងគ ់ P 5 S Supply of Corn Qs per Week $5 60 4 50 3 35 2 20 1 5 4 Price (per bushel) Price per Bushel 3 2 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Q Quantity supplied (bushels per week) 19 Shifts in Supply បំដរបម្រលួ ការផ្គតផ្់ ងគ ់ P $6 Change in Quantity S3 Supplied S1 5 Price (per bushel) S2 4 3 2 Change in Supply 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Quantity supplied (thousands of bushels per week) 16 Q Market Equilibrium សរត្តទីផ្ារ • Market equilibrium occurs in a market when all buyers and sellers are satisfied with their respective quantities at the market price. Market Equilibrium 6 Surplus S P Qd $5 2,000 4 4,000 3 7,000 2 11,000 1 16,000 Price (per bushel) 5 4 3 2 Shortage 1 0 P Qs $5 12,000 4 10,000 3 7,000 2 4,000 1 1,000 D 2 4 67 8 10 12 14 16 18 Bushels of Corn (thousands per week) 22 Market Equilibrium សរត្តទីផ្ារ • Excess supply (Surplus) the amount by which quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded when the price of a good exceeds the equilibrium price. Market Equilibrium សរត្តទីផ្ារ • Excess demand (Shortage) the amount by which quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied when the price of a good lies below the equilibrium price. Market Equilibrium សរត្តទីផ្ារ • Price ceiling a maximum allowable price, specified by law. Determinants of Supply ក្សត្តាជៈឥទធពិ លការផ្គតផ្់ ងគ ់ Determinants of Supply: Factors That Shift the Supply Curve Determinant Examples Change in resource prices A decrease in the price of microchips increases the supply of computers; an increase in the price of crude oil reduces the supply of gasoline. Change in technology The development of more effective wireless technology increases the supply of cell phones. Change in taxes and subsidies An increase in the excise tax on cigarettes reduces the supply of cigarettes; a decline in subsidies to state universities reduces the supply of higher education. 26 Determinants of Supply (Con’t) ក្សត្តាជៈឥទធិពលការផ្គតផ្់ ងគ ់ Determinants of Supply: Factors That Shift the Supply Curve Determinant Examples Change in prices of other goods An increase in the price of cucumbers decreases the supply of watermelons. Change in producer expectations An expectation of a substantial rise in future log prices decreases the supply of logs today. Change in the number of suppliers An increase in the number of tattoo parlors increases the supply of tattoos; the formation of women’s professional basketball leagues increases the supply of women’s professional basketball games. 27 Recap (សគងេប) • What is the Market? • Demand? – Schedule/curve – Individual demand – Market demand – Demand equation – Law of demand Recap (សគងេប) • Supply? – Supply schedule/curve – Individual supply – Market supply – Supply equation – Law of supply Recap (សគងេប) • Market Equilibrium – Surplus (Exceed Supply) creates price floor. – Shortage (Exceed Demand) creates price celling. – Equilibrium conditions (ល័ក្សេសណឌ សរត្ត) • Qd = Qs • Pd = Ps Exercise 1 If the supply and demand curves for a market are given by P= 4 + 4Qs and P = 16 - 2Qd, respectively, find the equilibrium price and quantity for this market. Exercise 2 Find the equilibrium price and quantity in a market whose supply and demand curves are given by P=2Qs and P = 8 - 2Qd, respectively. Exercise 3 We assume: – Qs = 1, 800 + 240p – Qd = 3,550 - 226p a) Draw a graph when p = $2 & p = $4 b) Calculate the market equilibrium Exercise 4 We now have equations for supply and demand Supply: Qs = –4.5 + 16p Demand: Qd = 13.5 – 8p a) Find the market equilibrium b) Find the market surplus, if price (p=1$) c) Find the market shortage, if price (p=.50$) Appendix • Quantity demanded: The amount of any good, service, or resource that people are willing and able to buy during a specified period at a specified price. • Demand: The relationship between the quantity demanded and the price of a good when all other influences on buying plans remain the same. • Demand schedule: A list of the quantities demanded at each different price when all the other influences on buying plans remain the same. • Demand curve: A graph of the relationship between the quantity demanded of a good and its price when all the other influences on buying plans remain the same. Key Terms (ពាក្សយគន្ឹះល ) • Demand (រម្តូវការ) • Demand curve (ដសសគកាងតម្រូវការ) • Demand schedule (ត្តរាងតម្រូវ ការ) • Quantity demand (បរិមាណតម្រូវ ការ) • Price (នល្ឫតនរ្) • Buy (ទិញ)/Buyer (អ្នក្សទិញ) • Sell (លក្ស់)/ Seller (អ្នក្សលក្ស់) • Equal (គសមើរោន ) • Figure (រូបភាព) • Relationship between (ទំនាក្ស់ ទំនងរវាង) • Plan (គំរាងឫដផ្នការ) • Influence (ជឹះឥទធិពល) • The amount of (ច្បំនួន) • Exceeds (គម្ច្បើនជាង/គលើស) • Purchase (ទិញ) Key Terms (ពាក្សយគន្ឹះល ) • Specified period (អ្ំឡុងគពលជាក្ស់ លាក្ស់) • willing and able to (ឆនទៈឫបំណង និងលទធភាព) • Remain (រក្សា) • Equation (សរីការ) • Market equilibrium (សរត្តទី ផ្ារ) • Surplus (ភាពគលើស) • Shortage (ភាពសវឹះ) • Graph (គូស/រូបភាព) • • • • • Draw (គូរ/គូស) Supply (ផ្គត់ផ្គង់) Supply schedule (ត្តរាងការផ្ាត់ផ្ាង់) Supply curve (ដសសគកាងការផ្គត់ផ្ងគ ់) Supply equation (សរីការការផ្គត់ ផ្គង់) • Occurs (គក្សើតគឡើង) • Rise (គឡើង)/Fall (ច្បឹះ) Key Terms (ពាក្សយគន្ឹះល ) • • • • • • Increase () (គក្សើនគឡើង) Decrease () (ធ្ល្ក្ស់ច្បឹះ) Price ceiling (តនរ្ពិដាន) Change in (ផ្ល្ស់បាូរ/បំដរបម្រួល) Substitute goods (ទំនិញជំនួស) Complement goods (ទំនិញ បំគពញ) • Consumption (ការគម្បើម្ាស់) • • • • • • Rightward shift (ផ្ល្ស់ទីគៅស្ា ំ) Leftward shift (ផ្ល្ស់ទីគៅគឆវង) Interaction between (អ្នារក្សរម) Discover (របក្សគំគ ើញ/ឲ្យគក្សើតមានគឡើង) is defined as (ឲ្យនិយរន័យជា) Show (បង្ហាញ) References • Bade, R., & Parkin, M. (2013). Essential Foundations of Economics (6th ed.). • Brue, S. L., McConnell, C., Flynn, S. M., & Grant, R. R. (2010). (3rd ed.): McGraw-Hill/Irwin. • Case, K. E., Fair, R. C., & Oster, S. M. (2012). Principles of Economics (10th ed.): Prince Hall-Pearson Education,. • Frank, R. H., & Bernanke, B. S. (2009). Principles of Microeconomics (4th ed.): McGraw Hill. • Mateer, D., Coppock, L., & Brian, O. R. (2016). Essentials of Economics: W.W Norton & Company, Inc.