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Ancient World History Chapter 1 Outlines Chapter 1: Early Civilizations (CHAPTER OUTLINE) I. II. III. From Caves to Towns A. The Neolithic Period 1. From perhaps 400,000 to 7,000 B.C.E., early human beings survived as hunter gatherers in extended family units, a period known as the Paleolithic, or “Old Stone Age.” 2. At the start of the Neolithic period, around 7,000 B.C.E., a transformation began: some hunter-gatherer societies began to rely chiefly on agriculture for their subsistence. 3. Neolithic peoples contributed a great deal to the development of human society, including systematic agriculture, writing, sedentary living, and improved tools and weapons. 4. Stonehenge and other stone circles scattered throughout Great Britain, Ireland, and Brittany were built by Neolithic societies that must have been prosperous, well organized, and centrally led. Mesopotamian Civilization A. Invention of Writing and Intellectual Advancements 1. Writing appears to have begun at Sumer sometime around the ninth millennium B.C.E. 2. The Sumerian pictographic form evolved by the fourth millennium into cuneiform (“wedge-shaped”) writing. 3. The signs in the cuneiform system later became ideograms and evolved into an intricate system of communication. 4. The writing system was so complicated that only professional scribes mastered it. 5. Scribal schools flourished throughout Sumer. 6. Scribal schools were centers of culture and learning. 7. Mesopotamians made great strides in mathematics, medicine, and religion. B. Religion and Society 1. Mesopotamian religion was polytheistic; gods and goddesses existed to represent almost everything in the cosmos. 2. The gods had many human attributes. 3. The Mesopotamians created myths to explain the origins of the universe and of mankind. 4. The Sumerians produced the first epic poem, The Epic of Gilgamesh. 5. The arid and harsh environment of Sumer fostered a religion based on placating a pantheon of harsh and capricious gods and goddesses. 6. Shrines built in the center of Sumerian cities were focal points of Sumerian life and religion. 7. Sumerian society was organized into four classes of people: nobles, free clients of the nobility, commoners, and slaves. 8. The king and lesser nobility had huge land holdings. 9. Clients were free people who were dependent on the nobility. 10. Commoners were free and were independent of the nobility. 11. The Sumerian slave population included foreigners, prisoners of war, criminals, and debtors. The Triumph of Babylon A. Unification 1. The Babylonians united Mesopotamia politically and culturally. Page 1 of 28 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History Chapter 1 Outlines 2. IV. V. Babylon’s best-known king, Hammurabi (ca 1792−1750 B.C.E.), forged a vibrant Sumero-Babylonian culture through conquest and assimilation. B. Life Under Hammurabi 1. Hammurabi also created one of the world’s earliest comprehensive law codes, which today provides much useful information on daily life in ancient Mesopotamia. 2. The Code of Hammurabi had two notable features: it included different laws for people of different social status, and it was based on the idea that the punishment should fit the crime. 3. Individuals brought their own complaints before the courts. 4. The Code dealt extensively with business practices, agricultural issues, and family life. Egypt, the Land of the Pharaohs (3100−1200 B.C.E.) A. The Nile River 1. Egyptian society revolved around the life-giving waters of the Nile River. 2. The regularity of the Nile’s floods and the fertility of its mud made agriculture productive and dependable. 3. The Nile was Egypt’s primary highway and communication conduit. B. The God-King of Egypt 1. Sometime around 3100 B.C.E., Egypt was united under the rule of a single great king, or “pharaoh.” 2. Egyptian religion was a complex polytheism rooted in the environment. 3. The most powerful gods were Amon, associated with the annual floods of the Nile, and Ra, the sun-god. 4. Central to the religion was pharaoh’s place in the pantheon of gods and goddesses—his presence assured the people that the gods cared for them. 5. The famous pyramids attest to the power and prestige of the pharaoh. C. The Pharaoh’s People 1. Egyptian commoners were at the mercy of government officials. 2. The bulk of the population was involved in agriculture. 3. Slavery was not widespread in Egypt until the advent of the New Kingdom (1570−1200 B.C.E.). D. The Hyksos in Egypt (1640−1570 B.C.E.) 1. The Hyksos, a Semitic people, began to settle in the Nile Delta around 1800 B.C.E. 2. The Hyksos created a capital at Avaris. 3. The Hyksos were probably nomads looking for good land. 4. The Hyksos brought bronze making to Egypt. E. The New Kingdom: Revival and Empire (1570−1075 B.C.E.) 1. The pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty pushed the Hyksos out of Egypt and extended Egyptian rule into Palestine and Syria. 2. The pharaoh Akhenaten (r. 1367−1350 B.C.E.) attempted to impose monotheism on the Egyptian population. A Changing Region A. The Hittites 1. The Hittites, an Indo-European people settled in Anatolia, became a major power in the Near East around 1600 B.C.E., conquering the northern part of the Babylonian empire. 2. The Hittites introduced iron tools into agriculture and war. 3. After about 1300 B.C.E. the Hittites, the Egyptian New Kingdom, and the Babylonian empire cooperated in a kind of détente. Page 2 of 28 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History Chapter 1 Outlines 4. B. C. VI. The A. B. C. In the late 13th century B.C.E. invaders destroyed the Hittite Empire and severely disrupted Egypt. 5. The most famous of these invaders was called the Sea Peoples by the Egyptians. Cultural Endurance and Dissemination 1. Egyptians and Mesopotamians established basic social, economic, and cultural patterns in the ancient Near East. 2. The Semitic peoples of Syria and Palestine lived in small, walled towns. 3. Egyptians and Phoenicians exchanged goods and ideas. 4. The people of Palestine, Syria, and Anatolia adopted many aspects of Egyptian and Mesopotamian culture and, in turn, introduced new ideas and new technologies to Egypt and Mesopotamia. A Shattered Egypt and a Rising Phoenicia 1. Invaders from Africa and the Near East shattered the power of Egypt and the Hittites. 2. Long wars weakened Egypt, causing political and economic chaos. 3. Nubians extended power northward. 4. The Kingdom of Kush grew up in the area of modern Sudan. 5. Egyptian ideas and beliefs continued to play an important role throughout the region. 6. The Phoenicians were a Semitic people based along the coast of modern Lebanon. 7. The Phoenicians were traders, experts in metalworking, textile manufacturers, and inventors of the phonetic alphabet from which our own is derived. Children of Israel The Hebrews 1. South of Phoenicia arose the small kingdom of the ancient Jews. 2. The origin of the Hebrews is uncertain. 3. The Hebrews came to Palestine through the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt. 4. The Hebrews encountered the Philistines in Palestine. 5. Saul (ca 1000 B.C.E.) warred against the Philistines and established a monarchy over the twelve tribes. 6. David carried on Saul’s work. 7. Solomon (ca 965−925 B.C.E.) organized the collective tribes into twelve territorial districts. 8. The Hebrews broke into two political halves on Solomon’s death: the northern kingdom (Israel) destroyed by Assyrians (8th century B.C.E.), and the southern kingdom (Judah) defeated by Babylonians in 587 B.C.E. The Evolution of Jewish Religion 1. The Old Testament was the key sacred writing. 2. The Covenant was a kind of contract between Yahweh and the Hebrews. 3. Yahweh was the Jews’ only god (monotheism). 4. Proper worship of Yahweh was embodied in the Ten Commandments. 5. The Torah, or Mosaic Law, was very harsh. 6. Later custom and law were more humanitarian. Daily Life in Israel 1. As the Hebrews gave up their nomadic lifestyle in favor of settled agriculture, communal use of land gave way to family ownership. 2. As this happened, the tribe diminished in importance relative to the extended family. Page 3 of 28 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History Chapter 1 Outlines 3. VII. VIII. The development of village life placed new emphasis on the nuclear family. 4. The evolution of Jewish society led to decreased freedom for Jewish women. 5. Marriage was one of the most important events in Jewish family life. 6. Mothers took responsibility for the early education of children. 7. Urbanization created new economic opportunities. 8. Social and economic developments prompted the compilation of the Torah and the Talmud. Assyria, the Military Monarchy A. The Power of Assyria 1. Many Near Eastern kingdoms fell to Tiglath-pileser III (774−727 B.C.E.) and Sargon II (r. 721−705 B.C.E.). 2. Assyria’s success was due to sophisticated military organization. 3. The Assyrians developed a wide variety of siege machinery and sapping techniques for attacking fortifications. 4. Assyrian kings organized their conquests into an empire. 5. Assyria fell to the combined forces of the Babylonians and the Medes. The Empire of the Persian Kings A. The Coming of the Medes and Persians 1. Persia is a land of mountains and deserts, with a large central plateau. 2. Persia’s geographical position explains its role as the highway between East and West. 3. The Iranians were Indo-European nomads who arrived in presentday Iran around 1000 B.C.E. 4. Gradually the Iranians coalesced into two large groups: the Persians and the Medes. B. The Creation of the Persian Empire 1. The Persian ruler Cyrus the Great (r. 559−530 B.C.E.) created the largest empire yet to exist in the Near East. 2. Cyrus had an enlightened view of empire, practiced religious tolerance, and allowed the subject peoples of his empire great autonomy. 3. After uniting Iran, Cyrus set out to accomplish two goals: to win control of the lands to the west and to secure eastern Iran from the threat of nomadic invaders. C. Thus Spake Zarathustra 1. The early Iranians were polytheistic and their religion was tied closely to nature. 2. Around 600 B.C.E., Zoroaster developed a new form of religion. 3. Zoroaster preached a new concept of divinity and human life. 4. He described the cosmos as a battle between opposing forces of good and evil, represented by the gods Ahuramazda and Ahriman. 5. He taught that individuals must decide whether to choose Ahuramazda or Ahriman. 6. Zoroaster preached a Last Judgment. 7. The Persian Emperor Darius (r. 521−486 B.C.E.) adopted the Zoroastrian religion. 8. Zoroastrian thought influenced Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. D. Persia’s World Empire 1. Cyrus’ successors completed the Persian conquest of the ancient Near East. 2. The Royal Road facilitated communications throughout the empire. Page 4 of 28 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History Chapter 1 Outlines Summer Azmat Mr. Knutsen 10/11/07 Diffusion AWH-F Diffusion I. Diffusion A. Trade-objects 1. Of the wheel went from the original Mesopotamians Þ Persians Þ Egyptians. 2. Mesopotamians and Persians similar because the Persians learned and adapted the cultures and techniques of the Mesopotamians. 3. Egypt had little in common of all and little common trade bc they were in an area of complete isolation with nothing to do with each other. 4. Even though Egyptians were isolated, they still came to know of the invention of the wheel by the Mesopotamians. 5. Over 200 yrs. Persians gave ancient Near East peace, prosperity, and security. 6. Saw each others weapons and traded and copied each other. 7. Traded what the other people needed for what they needed of which the other people had. B. Trade-cultural 1. Rameses II promoted prosperity for the Hittites. 2. People who invaded Egypt ended up joining them culturally. 3. Saw that some cultures taught their children how to do things and later on their generation did it and copied each other. C. War 1. Egypt had very little war bc of isolation of land area. 2. 2331 Semitic conquers Sumer. 3. Battle of Kadesh- tried to conquer Egyptians. 4. Hittite and Egyptian empires were destroyed by invaders in the late 13th century. 5. 19th century suicidal warfare the Hittites. 6. Smelted copper bronze or iron to make good weapons. It was a competition of who had the best tools not only to win but to show who is best economically and culturally. D. D. Migration 1. 3K Sumerians into Mesopotamia. 2. Semites moved to Mesopotamia. 3. Some Semites moved to Syria. 4. Semites moved to Palestine 5. Some Semites moved to Egypt. 6. People in Egypt named Hyksos. 7. Iranians into Persia around 1K. 8. 612 Medes and Babylonians migrate and join together. 9. After the 1800, Hyksos settled in the Nile Delta (Egypt). 10. Israelis went from Mesopotamia Þ Israel (made on own) Page 5 of 28 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History Chapter 1 Outlines Nate Socolof, Chelsea Burton, Victoria Fong Diffusion War: Egypt the Hyksos brought Egypt into the bronze age which allowed them to make more efficient weapons The Egyptians were a mostly peaceful people and when another nation challenged their military strength they were concurred and the empire fell The sea people—invader from Africa and the near east—made war with the Egyptians, they did not conquered them but left them battered and weak; it was just a matter of time before they fell Mesopotamia The one nation that was really war-based was Assyria: 1. Assyria’s success was due to sophisticated military organization. The Assyrian kings organized there conquests into an empire. The Assyrian’s fell to the combined forces of the Babylonians. Their whole civilization was based on concurring other nations. 2. The Mesopotamian people were consistently waging small wars on each other and by doing so they shared all their technology with each other, for example when they made a new weapon the moment it was used On the battle field it became shared knowledge Persia In 550 B.C.E. Cyrus the great, king of the Persians and one of the most remarkable statesmen of antiquity concurred the Medes and turned their country into his first province. His concept survived long, complex, and often turbulent history to play its part in the contemporary world. Additionally, Cyrus provided a political organization that sheltered many different civilizations. Essentially the Persians were for the most part enlightened rulers and fierce warriors. Diffusion: Migration Semites Migrate beyond Mesopotamia Sargon Conquers Sumer 2331 B.C.E. Babylonians Semites From Arabia, settled along Euphrates and Tigris Dominated Trade on rivers Page 6 of 28 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History Chapter 1 Outlines Merchants Travel to Syria, Palestine, and Mediterranean Spread Sumerian culture/united Mesopotamians Hyksos Semites From East, settle in the Nile Delta Taught Method of making bronze and casting tools/weapons BRONZE AGE Horse Drawn chariot, armor, bow Adopted Egyptian religion and monarchy pharaonic system Hittites Extended Conquests as far as Babylon Introduced IRON into war and agriculture Passed Knowledge from Near East to Greeks 1. Trade: Egyptians and Mesopotamians established basic social, economic, and cultural patterns in the ancient Near East. Egyptians and Phoenicians exchanged goods and ideas. The people of Syria, Palestine, and Anatolia adopted many aspects of Egyptian and Mesopotamian culture and, in turn, introduced new ideas and new technologies to Egypt and Mesopotamia. 2. Egyptians and the Mesopotamians established basic social, economic, and cultural patterns in the ancient Near East. Mesopotamia was influential in southern Anatolia (modern Turkey). 3. : When Iran united Cyrus set out to achieve two goals first, he wanted to win control of the west and the terminal ports of the great trade routes that crossed Iran and Anatolia. Second, he strove to secure eastern Iran from the nomadic invaders. The royal road facilitated communications throughout the empire. Page 7 of 28 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History Chapter 1 Outlines Geography And Its Impact on Ancient Cultures Michael Jaget Zara Fewsmith Alex Rehberger 10/12/07 Mr. Knutsen Block D The Children of Israel Hebrew tradition Followers of Abraham migrated from Mesopotamia Egyptian documents record Hapiru in Syria and Palestine- 2000 BCE Migrated into Nile Delta Wandered in Sinai Peninsula Settled in Palestine in 1300 BCE Nomadic Hebrews 1st entered Palestine as nomadic tribes Numerous families: all thought they were related Good farmland, pasture land, and water spots were first shared by the tribe Page 8 of 28 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History Chapter 1 Outlines Nomadic people turned to agriculture Communal use of land→family ownership. Transition to settled agriculture→tribe less important than extended family Development of urban life created new economic opportunities People specialized in certain occupations Commerce and trade developed later than crafts Trade with other countries handled by foreigners Jews dealt mainly in local trade. Persia Iranians migrated into the area between Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf Persia→stark land of towering mountains and flaming deserts. Geographical position+topography explain role as highway between east and west Nomads→migrated with flocks and herds Horse-breeders→had the advantage of horseback in battle Effective rule of the empire demanded good communication Built a highway known as Royal Road Distance broken into 111 post stations Neolithic Era Ancient Near Eastern civilizations had trouble communicating because They were not located near each other Walls were not necessary for protection Some communities surrounded by water, forests, or large expanses of desert, and they let nature defend them People in Stonehenge improved technology and agriculture by using the changing of seasons to their advantage. Egyptians Shipbuilding technology was not that great Ships designed for the Nile River and not the open sea Page 9 of 28 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History Chapter 1 Outlines Mesopotamia Climate Arid→ had to farm with a scant water supply. Learned to irrigate and drain land to prevent salt in soil Environment Harsh→ forced grim pessimistic outlook on the Mesopotamians Believed gods were powerful, hateful beings and tried to pacify and calm them Babylon Geographical position made it perfect capital Between the Euphrates and the Tigris Had water supply and could also dominate trade Egypt Nile Single most important factor in shaping Egyptian culture Did not bring death/destruction Wasn’t feared Made gods based on their environment Gods were kind and forgiving like the environment Climate Regularity meant the agricultural year was dependable Regularity gave Egypt a sense of calm and order Page 10 of 28 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History Mr. Knutson Per. F Chapter 1 Outlines Divya Hawthore, Spenser Silbey, McCall Bliss 10/13/07 Theme: Advancements I. Technology A. Advancements of writing a. Allowed knowledge of the past to be preserved b. Allowed the spread and accumulation of learning, science, and literature c. Lead to first written law codes (for example: Animal Farm, cannot change the laws) d. Writing the creation of schools i. Centers of culture and learning ii. Strides in Math, medicine, and religion e. Stepping stone of religion and society B. Improvement of Tools and Weapons a. Learned to build advanced buildings i. Such as pyramids and Persian “Temple of 100 columns” b. The invention of the wheel by the Sumer i. Gave Sumer a military lead ii. Very popular item for trading c. The Hitties introduced iron tools into trading, warfare, and agriculture d. Assyria’s weapon advances i. Advancements one of many reasons Assyria was military success i. ex. battering rams and excavations to undermine city walls G. Technology Summary a. Technology played a major role in society becoming more complex and building the idea of religion. The most important technological advancement was writing which allowed the continual knowledge of how to form tools and weapons useful to the country. II. Religion A. Mesopotamia/Sumerians a. Many gods run world, not all gods equal b. Humanlike anthropomorphic gods w/ superhuman powers and human flaws c. Gods were worshipped not because they were benevolent, but because they were powerful d. Religious positions for men only e. Motives of their gods not always clear i. In tough times, Sumerians could only pray and offer sacrifices to their gods f. Myths accounted for natural phenomena and creation g. Sought to calm/appease angry gods Page 11 of 28 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History Chapter 1 Outlines h. Hammurabi’s Code was supposed to be on divine authority, this gave it credibility in the eyes of the people B. Egypt a. Polytheistic, some gods more important than others b. Amon (sky) and Ra (sun) most important i. Amon championed fairness and honesty, esp. for the common people 1. He also cured ills and protected travelers ii. Ra – creator of life iii. Horus- united Egpyt iv. Osiris – god of death and the Nile, died every year c. Pharaoh was supposed to be Horus in human form i. Connection between people and gods, reassured people ii. Pyramids show pharaoh’s power and demigod status iii. Pharaoh embodied harmony between the human and the divine C. Israel a. Central belief was monotheistic, Yahweh was only god b. Yahweh had a covenant w/ the Hebrews, as long as they worshipped him, they would be his chosen people and he would protect them c. Yahweh was worshipped by obeying the 10 commandments revealed by Moses d. The Torah was the first Jewish law, influenced by Hammurabi’s code, later evolved to be less violent e. Jews knew what Yahweh expected, wanted to please him and he was benevolent D. Persia a. Zoroastrianism – life is a battle between good and evil b. Choices between good and evil were made all the time c. Everyone was held accountable for their actions in life, just like in Egypt i. Lest judgment ii. Heaven vs. hell d. Influenced Judaism/Christianity heavily. e. Fair god who honored good people E. How thought changed a. Thought moved from pessimistic Sumerian polytheism, where gods were worshipped simple because of their power, to Egyptian polytheism, where benevolent gods were worshipped and one was held accountable, to monotheistic religions where people knew what their gods expected. III. Social / Government A. Mesopotamia a. Life under Hammurabi i. law code offers information about daily life ii. issued laws on divine authority iii. inflicted mutilation and whipping Page 12 of 28 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History Chapter 1 Outlines iv. punishment should fit crime B. Egypt a. The God-King of Egypt i. Pharaoh a. dynasties b. political unification of Egypt led to start of period known as The Old Kingdom (2660- 2180 B.C.E) c. pharaoh- placed in pyramid after death d. Pharaoh/King Akhenaten- most concerned with religion e. his monotheistic religion was unpopular among the citizens b. Taxes i. disadvantage for poor commoners c. Slavery i. did not become widespread until the New Kingdom (1570-1075 B.C.E) C. Israel a. Society i. Women were considered impure ii. they were confined to their home b. The Torah and Talmud i. Torah- mosaic law ii. Talmud- civil and ceremonial law D. Persia a. created a world empire b. main highway was the Royal Road Page 13 of 28 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History Chapter 1 Outlines Mr. Knutsen Block D 10/11/07 Ryan Wells Sterling Campbell Tommy Ahsan Storyline Outline I. Mesopotamia: A Story for the Ages A. Birth 1. The Sumerians 3500 B.C.E founded Mesopotamia. B. C. 2. The Neolithic Era was beginning to emerge, and the Sumerians needed to sustain themselves some way. 3. Since nomadic means of living were not living up to their standards they decided that they should move to a land with a water source near by. 4. The Sumers occupied, and founded the Mesopotamian empire, one of the most powerful empires of its time. 5. Mesopotamia became one of the most flourishing empires of its time, and people began to form other huge kingdoms such as Babylon, and it became to be one of the most well known kingdoms of all time. Writing System 1. Language was very important, but the Sumerians decided that oral communication was not the only way to communicate; they wanted to communicate in a new way. 2. The Sumerians’ system of writing was so impressive, and it was very efficient. It was similar to the Egyptians hieroglyphics, but it came much earlier. 3. The Sumerian’s written language was very helpful and efficient in warning each other, and telling each other important news. Religion 1. Egyptians tended to love their Gods, and think that their Gods wanted their greater good, but it was a totally different situation with the early Mesopotamians. 2. Page 14 of 28 They feared their Gods, because natural disasters would claim many lives, and although they received supple amounts of 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History Chapter 1 Outlines food, they still lost their loved ones. They’re statues of the Gods were very human-like and that seems to have an impact on them. D. 3. The early Mesopotamians were scared of their Gods, but they did not seem to respect them that much. The portrayal of their Gods being similar to humans detoriates their actual reverence of their immortals. 4. But when natural disasters occur, and these “gods” tend to be responsible for them, people will not like them that much, despite their immortal superiority. Society 1. The Sumerians were similar to the Indians in that they had a class system consisting of four classes. 2. Their classes were the Nobles, the commoners, the clients, and the slaves. 3. The commoners were ordinary people who did not care for anyone but sustaining themselves and their loved ones, but they cant be blamed. 4. The nobles thought they were better than everyone, so they take the land, and everyone envies them. They really don’t have any significant qualifications. 5. The clients are the ones who envy the nobles, they wish they were like them, so they try to stand out to please the nobles and be received as one of them. 6. The slaves are unfortunate in that everyone forces them to work for no reason except birth or battle. They are often treated lowly, and receive little respect. Egyptians (3100 – 1200 B.C.E) o Western Tradition Found in fertile crescent Oasis in the desert Found in between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers o Great irrigation The Nile River Big part of society Page 15 of 28 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History o o o o o Chapter 1 Outlines Used this to survive for 3000 years Gods (creation of Theology) Ra and Osirus Sun and earth (or river) gods Pharaohs Owned the people They had access to inturnity 31 dynasties of Pharaohs Buried in pyramids Tombs were in them o Nobles were buried close by if lucky o Ex. Great Pyramid Made great rock monuments with symbolism Great pyramid Sphinx Pyramids Obolists o Suns rays means man’s immortality First 4 dynasties Economically took a big step Government becomes more elaborate Had officials o Exercised independent judgment Ended in 2600 B.C. 6th dynasty Very peaceful Didn’t want to fight Protected by surroundings and environment Deserts and rivers Revolved around Nile “Highway” and communications conduit Hyksos in Egypt Settled in Nile Delta Brought bronze making to Egypt They were Nomads Persians o -First Persians Nomadic -Needed water -Got from rocks o -Amoganide -Discovered underground irrigation -3/4 mile trenches -Channeled water o -Cyrus the Great 580-530 B.C. -First King of Persia Page 16 of 28 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History o o o o o Page 17 of 28 Chapter 1 Outlines -Maintained channels -Managed largest empire ever -Had crushed all rivals and became undisputed leader -Needed capital city -People imported from all over the country to build city Sosa named capital -Freed Jews -Died in Battle -Darius 550-486 B.C. -Relative of Cyrus -Greatest Persian King -Rebuilt Sosa -Wanted Capital of his own -Named Persepolis -Never stopped expanding empire -Royal Road -Made of Stone -Inns every 18 miles -Crosses rivers, mountains, etc. -Darius’s Canal -130 miles long -Connected Red Sea to Nile River -Attacked Athens -Started Persian Wars -Defeated at Marathon -Darius retreats to Persepolis -Killed on way back -Xerxes 519-465 B.C. -New King -Son of Darius -10 years since Marathon -2nd Persian War -Built pontoon of ships o -674 used -Athens abandoned near end of war -Xerxes burns Athens to ground -Persian fleet destroyed at Salamis -Xerxes dies -Leaves Artaxerxes his son behind -Artaxerxes leads last building project of Peris o -Dies -Darius III -Relative of Darius -Attacks Greece again -Pushed back to Persepolis -Persepolis burned to ground 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History Chapter 1 Outlines -Darius III escapes -Murdered by close allies o -Alexander the Great gives him long funeral -Marries his daughter -Chased down killers and killed them himself -Alexander the Great’s conquering marks end of Persian Empire Page 18 of 28 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History Chapter 1 Outlines Ancient World History Jess, Priyanka, Jasmine Period D Mr. Knutsen 10/11/07 Advancements I Technology: A. From Paleolithic period to Neolithic period 1. People were nomadic in Paleolithic period. 2. In Neolithic period, new stone tools came into use. Life primarily and permanently based on agriculture and animal husbandry. 3. Sustained agriculture led to stable, secure life. Evolution of towns and cities. 4. Population growth occurred 5. The wheel invented. 6. Division of labor for more comfortable and complex life. 7. Walled towns built for protection 8. Intellectual world with astronomy, environment, and religion; shown by Stonehenge. Viewed themselves as members of a wider world that they shared with deities of nature and the broader universe. B. Invention of writing and intellectual advancements by Mesopotamians 1. Pictographs made by Sumerians called cuneiform. Real breakthrough was when scribe learned to use signs to represent sounds. 2. Schooling from scribes. Discipline was strict. 3. Mathematical advancements like place value concept. 4. Mesopotamian medicine was combination of magic, prescriptions, and surgery. Grew slowly from superstition to early form of rational treatment. C. Complex Monuments like Pyramid built by Egyptians 1. During Old Kingdom 2. Made from idea of afterlife for the pharaoh and later on nobles as well. 3. It took many thousands of peasants to build these magnificent structures. D. Bronze Age from Hyksos in Egypt 1. Production and use of bronze implements became basic to society. 2. Farming more efficient than ever E. Hittites brought iron to war and agriculture F. Systems of building roads like Royal Road for better control. 1. Persian king used this system of communications with his subjects and officials. He could rule efficiently. Page 19 of 28 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History II. Chapter 1 Outlines Government A. Sumerian 1. They had nobles who consisted of the king and his family, the chief priests, and high palace officials. 2. The king rose to power as a war leader, elected by the citizenry, who established a regular army, trained it, and led it into battle. 3. Nobility commanded the obedience of a huge segment because the clients were dependant on them. B. Babylon 1. Law Code of Hammurabi- offers a wealth of information about daily life in Mesopotamia. 2. “to establish law and justice in the language if the land, thereby promoting the welfare of the people.” a. penalties such as mutilation, whipping, and burning b. “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” C. Egypt 1. The pharaoh embodied justice and order-harmony among human beings, nature, and the divine. 2. Only twice in history has the pharaoh failed to maintain order and a balance. These are called the First and Second Intermediate Periods. D. Hittite 1. The Hittites created an alliance with Egypt and the Babylonians 2. They each swore to uphold each other’s authority 3. This government alliance lasted until about the thirteenth century BCE when both the Egyptians and Hittites were destroyed by invaders E. Shattered Egypt and a rising Phoenicia 1. devastated Egypt a. “During many years there was no leader who could speak for others. Central government lapsed, small officials and headmen took over the whole land.” b. After the Sea Peoples destroyed the Egyptians there government was in chaos. This age was known as the Third Intermediate period (ca 1100-653) 2. Expanding Phoenicia (“Purple people”) a. The had an urban government and culture b. Basically adapted to the previous cultures F. Israel 1. David’s military reign a. David of Bethlehem made the capital Jerusalem the political center of the realm. b. His reign was a period of great political consolidation 2. Solomon a. Solomon divided the kingdom into 12 districts b. He set out to create broad cultural horizons 3. After Solomon a. The kingdom divided into north and south Page 20 of 28 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History Chapter 1 Outlines b. Northern was wiped out by the Assyrians but the southern kingdom was wiped out by the Babylonians in 587 BCE 4. Way of life a. Women has less freedom of action and were segregated most of the time b. They had to follow the Torah or the Mosaic Law c. 636 CE to 70 CE they followed the Talmud which are records of civil and ceremonial law and Jewish legend. G. Assyria 1. Assyrian kings began to organize their conquered territories into an empire 2. Kingdoms beyond the provinces were not annexed but became dependant states that followed Assyrian’s lead 3. in 612 BCE the Babylonians and the Medes destroyed the Assyrians H. Persia 1. Cyrus the Great was the first to turn the Medes into a province 2. The Persian empire became a political organization sheltering many different civilizations. I. Religion A. Mesopotamia 1. Religion was polytheistic 2. Human attributes 3. Myths explained origins of universe and mankind 4. Wrote Epic of Gilgamesh 5. Harsh environments= Harsh gods 6. Built shrines in the center of cities B. Babylon 1. Conquered and kept old culture 2. Religion was very much the same C. Egypt- 3100 BCE 1. Society revolved around the Nile 2. Complex polytheism 3. Religion routed in environment 4. Amon and Ra; Nile and sung god (later Amon- Ra) 5. Pharaoh was central to the religion. Represented the gods and showed that the gods cared for them 6. Built pyramids that represented the power of the god like pharaohs D. Egypt - The New Kingdom (1570-1075) 1. Akhenaten imposed monotheism on Egypt . E. The Hittites 1. Shared the cultural patterns with Egypt and Mesopotamia F. The Hebrews/ Ancient Jews 1. Monotheistic, believed in Yahweh 2. The old testament a. key to sacred writing Page 21 of 28 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History 3. Chapter 1 Outlines The Covenant a. The agreement between Jews and Yahweh 10 Commandments The Torah or mosaic law Law later bcame a lot less harsh than The Torah Marriage was a very important even in jewish society Compilation of the Torah and the Talmud 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. G. Persia 1. Cyrus the Great allowed religious tolerance 2. Persia had a diverse religious culture H. Zarathustra 1. Sparked in Iran under Persia ’s control 2. Early Iranians were polytheistic 3. 600 B.C.E. Zaroaster preached new concepts 4. Divinity and human life 5. Cosmos was a battle between good and evil and that it was up to humans to decide which the chose 6. Preached of a Last Judgement, the decision that decided whether or not an individual Is sent to heaven or hell 7. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam were based on these thoughts Page 22 of 28 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History Chapter 1 Outlines Mr. Knutsen Block-D 10/11/07 Kenneth Mang Austin Brown Kelly Chung Diffusion Theme Outline I. Diffusion(The major exchanges between societies and/or civilizations) A. War 1) In 2331 B.C.E. the Semitic chieftain Sargon (Semites) conquered Sumer (Sumerians) 1. Sargon's empire didn't last long but Mesopotamian culture grew throughout the Fertile Crescent (from East Mesopotamia, North Syria, and West Egypt ) 2. In the 3rd Century B.C.E. the Hyksos conquered the Egyptians looking for food and good arable land 1. They brought the method of making bronze (Bronze Age) a) Tools and weapons became popular in Egypt b) These tools made farming tools better or more efficient 2. The Hyksos also grew into Egyptian gods and a monarchy like the pharaonic system 3. These nomadic conquers soon realized the Egyptians were intelligent people and they themselves turned into Egyptians(like others before and after them) a) They practiced the Egyptian culture 3. The fall of many empires which allowed cultural diffusion, though many smaller kingdoms lived and culture was shared/exchanged 1. Eastern Mediterranean peoples were crushed by Sea Peoples a) Philistines started to farm and raise flocks 1. The Nubians had grew north though the Nile Valley and adopted Egyptian culture a) Nubian Kings and aristocrats took on the cultural wholesale of the Egyptians 4. The Assyrians figured out how to win battles and use the conquered Page 23 of 28 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History Chapter 1 Outlines 1. The Assyrian kings such as Tiglath-pileser 3 would organize the conquered territories to build his empire 5. The influx of Persians caused cultural exchanges between the conquers and the conquered 1. In 550 B.C.E. Cyrus the Great (Persian King) tried to establish a world empires 2. He would conquer his enemies and then use their best techniques and improve them for their benefit a) Language b) War Technology or Tactics c) Etc. B. Migration 1. Schooling A. Sumerian schooling set the standard for education B. Akkadians and Babylonians adopted its practice and techniques a. learned about math, linguistics, botany b. learning took place in temples and palaces 2. Medicine A. Mesopotamia believed at first that demons cause disease B. Also good spirits cure the disease a. As groups migrated to Mes. they brought new medicine but also new disease b. new cultures formed from these mixes of different cultures 3. Hyskos A. wanted better a better place to live/needed a new consistent water source a. they migrated to Mes. b. both cultures learned new good and bad things from each other 4. Egyptians A. Egyptians brought new culture/ techniques to Nubia Africa a. religion b. customs c. technology 1. Diffusion Through Trade a. Egyptians (Imported from other civilizations unless told otherwise) i. Sinai Page 24 of 28 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History Chapter 1 Outlines Copper ii. Lebanon 1. Timber iii. Hyksos 1. Bronze a. Tools b. Armor 2. Weapons a. Horse-drawn chariots b. Composite bow i. Laminated wood ii. Horn iv. Palestine and southern Syria 1. Turquoise 2. Copper 3. Local Pottery (exported from Egypt ) v. Phoenicia 1. Technological knowledge a. Shipbuilding techniques i. Designed for the Nile than the open sea 2. Religions a. Egyptian gods (exported from Egypt ) b. Artistic motifs (exported from Egypt ) c. Egyptian script (exported from Egypt ) d. Egyptian myths (exported from Egypt ) vi. Syria 1. Timber 2. Agricultural produce 3. Metal deposits 4. Exported Mesopotamian Knowledge a. Literature b. Mathematics c. Culture Cultural Exchange i. Adoption ii. Adaptation iii. Contrast iv. Balance Wen-Amon Story (page 21 optional) Jews i. Phoenician Phoenicia i. Big Impact on Greece 1. Changed their ways of life after contact 1. b. c. d. e. Page 25 of 28 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History Chapter 1 Outlines Dori Shoshan, Jenna Palazzo, Ajay Batra Block A Chapter 1 Thematic Outline - 10/11/2007 I. Diffusion A. Trade 1. Mesopotamia - Centrally-located; easy access by ship or by land a. led to frequent influence and implanting of foreign char. b. introduction of foreign tech. caused “technology ladder” 2. Egypt - trade relied upon Nile and surrounding seafaring societies a. used Nile to trade within Africa b. diffusion occurred with Phoenicians, who had superior boating tech. i. traded throughout region (proof found at Byblos) ii. diffused traits of other peoples as well as their own 3. Persia - location of empire led to formation of international trade routes a. Royal Road - linked all parts of empire i. made trade/communication more efficient b. King levied taxes and demanded (paid) labor services i. led to better infrastructure ii. improved facilitiesbetter trade capabilities, more diffusion B. War 1. Persia attacked and controlled most of Near Eastern land a. as they moved, left traces of culture, though left freedoms b. Persian architecture, traces of culture, etc. give sense that: i. controlled over land, yet allowed freedoms ii. legal and governmental ideas lived on iii. led through diplomacy, not by force 2. Mesopotamia a. Semitic chieftain Sargon conquered Sumer; founded Akkad Page 26 of 28 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History Chapter 1 Outlines i. army spread culture throughout fertile crescent ii. through Syria in North and to Egypt in West a. Hammurabi (1792-1750 BCE) - wanted to secure Babylon i. conquered Assyria in north and Sumer & Akkad in south ii. conquests spread culture/ideas (i.e. - legal systems, religion, etc) 3. Egypt a. Hyskos invaded (3rd century BCE) & made capital at Avaris i. introduced method of making bronze ii. introduced smelting methods; became standard in Egypt a) introduced Egypt to Bronze Age b) weaponry and tools improved; used to boot them out b. 8th Dynasty - Pharoah pushed Hyskos out i. widespread slavery created new labor force ii. Egyptian religion/customs flourished in Nubia c. 1300 BCE - Fought Hittites i. peace reached, Babylonians included and brotherhood formed a) caused increased diffusion of culture, ideas in Near East b) alliance formed; preserved culture and ideas C. Migration 1. Hyskos migration into Egypt a. Hyskos = nomads looking for good land; capital at Avaris b. Hyskos treated as invaders, though destroyed nothing and only added: i. introduced bronze and other metalwork to Egypt ii. Egypt = usually isolated, so assimilated Hyskos 2. Mesopotamia - Palestine, Syria, Anatolia a. native cultures established during prehistoric period Page 27 of 28 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM Ancient World History Chapter 1 Outlines b. migrated into regions nearer to Egypt and other Mesopotamians i. gained and shared ideas ii. formed stretch of civilizations that were different, yet shared the same characteristics 3. Persia - Iranians originally migrating nomads a. came in many groups and from many different places b. came over course of several centuries i. newcomers and those already settled constantly diffused a) ideas spread rapidly due to Persia’s location Page 28 of 28 5/7/2017; 4:15:12 PM