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Download Fimbriae Nucleoid Ribosomes Plasma membrane Cell wall Capsule
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10 m Human height Length of some nerve and muscle cells 0.1 m Chicken egg 1 cm Ribosomes Frog egg Most plant and animal cells Nucleus Most bacteria 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Outside of cell Mitochondrion Smallest bacteria Viruses Ribosomes Proteins Plasma membrane Cell wall Bacterial chromosome Electron microscope 100 µm 10 µm Nucleoid Light microscope 1 mm Fimbriae Unaided eye 1m Capsule 0.5 µm Flagella (a) A typical rod-shaped bacterium (b) A thin section through the bacterium Bacillus coagulans (TEM) Lipids Small molecules Atoms 1 2 Surface area increases while total volume remains constant (a) TEM of a plasma membrane 5 Inside of cell 1 0.1 µm 1 Carbohydrate side chain Total surface area [Sum of the surface areas (height × width) of all boxes sides × number of boxes] Hydrophilic region Total volume [height × width × length × number of boxes] Hydrophobic region Hydrophilic region Phospholipid Surface-to-volume (S-to-V) ratio [surface area ÷ volume] Proteins 6 150 750 1 125 125 6 1.2 6 (b) Structure of the plasma membrane 3 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Flagellum Rough ER Smooth ER Nuclear envelope NUCLEUS Nucleolus Chromatin Nuclear envelope Nucleolus 4 NUCLEUS Chromatin Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Centrosome Plasma membrane Central vacuole Golgi apparatus CYTOSKELETON: Microfilaments Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Intermediate filaments Microtubules CYTOSKELETON Ribosomes Mitochondrion Microvilli Peroxisome Golgi apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Chloroplast Plasma membrane Cell wall Plasmodesmata Wall of adjacent cell Lysosome 5 6 Nucleus Central vacuole Rough ER Cytosol Smooth ER cis Golgi Central vacuole Nucleus Cell wall Chloroplast Plasma membrane trans Golgi 5 µm 7 8 Intermembrane space Outer membrane Ribosomes Free ribosomes in the mitochondrial matrix Stroma Inner and outer membranes Granum Inner membrane Cristae Thylakoid 1 µm Matrix 0.1 µm 9 Direction of swimming (a) Motion of flagella 5 µm Direction of organism’s movement Power stroke Recovery stroke (b) Motion of cilia 15 µm 11 10
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