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"scales available changes involved in the fime more to be might encourages the thoughtthatthere discover.'(John Pokinghorne Belief in God in an Age of Science p94) Furthermore he argues.that those biologists who assert that we are nothing more than genetic survival machines suffer an lntelleclual inebriafion'and have succumbed to an 'illludged reductionist triumph ali sm.' P 7 9 . T he inter p r etation of of God' ) Hume, however, counter-argued that many people co-operate in the design and building of a ship but the ship itself shows no signs of this. Swinburne maintains that God is the more probable hypothesis because God would have reason to create a universe with finite creatures who have the chance to grow to knowledge of God and God has reason to make an orderly universe that human beings could learn from. So Swinburne concludes: U A priori it is very improbable that a universe could just happen to exist, and 2l By virtue of God's postulated character, this is the sort of universe God would have good reason to make. Swinburne maintains that whilst the Teleological argument by itself does not make it probable that God exists, the argument does serve to increase the probability of God's existence. This is a strength of inductive arguments cumulative case. - they can build into is not the only ground from which interpretation. 'There is no neutral 'pure reason' can come to definitive conclusions about such ultimate matfers.'fieith Ward: God Faith and the New Millenium P 67.) Fred Hoyle, the scientist responsible for working out the life cycle of a star, also supports a different interpretation of the evidence:,. propertr'es seem to run through the fabric of the natural world ltke a thread of happy accidents. But there are.so many of these odd caincidences essential to lle that some explanation seems required to account for them' evolution given by Dawkins The scientific community is divided on the issue of whether the universe reveals signs of design and purpose or is simply the product of chance. Michael J Behe and William A Dembski, who are also scientists, have offered a modern day presentation of what is effectively Aquinas' Fifth Way. a RICHARD DAWKINS ln 'The Blind Watchmaker' Dawkins describes approaches like Swinburne's as 'Arguments fram personal increduliV. He effectively says that the fact that a Professor of Philosophy of Religion sitting in his study at 0xford and never having studied biology cannot off the top of his head think of a reason for polar bears, does not entitle him to say that God is the best explanation. Dawkins' view is that the hypothesis of God is entirely superfluous and that order is due to natural selection alone - a blind, MICHAEL BEHE - lrreducible Complexity Darwin himsetf offered the means by which the theory of evolution might be challenged: 'lf it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed which could not possibly have been formed by numerous successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down.' Michael Behe argues that there are systems which numerous successive slight modifications can not explain. He uses the example of a living cell: the first life forrns on earth were prokaryote cells which emerged about 3.5 billion years ago. This cell is a highly complex living system all the internal systems of the cell have to function together for the cell to work. lf one piece was missing it could not function. This he calls an irreducibly complex biological system, All parts must function in synchrony or the sfstem breaks down, How could such a complex system 'evolve'by natural selection? How could such a complex system evolve piece by piece when all the pieces had io be unconscious, automatic process' which is completely without purpose - hence the title of his book. KEITH WARD AND JOIIN POLKINGHORNE Swinburne's arguments are developed in the light of - an evolutionary worldview by Keith Ward and John Polkinghorne. They are both scientists who believe that the evidence of evolution is compatible with the existence of a cosmic intelligence who created with the definite goal of achieving creatures with rational consciousness. 'The classical nea-Darwinian explanation of the develapment of lle on Earth, including the rapid expansion of the hominid brain over a period of a few hundreds of thousands of years, has been fo assrgn in place together for the cell to work? Natural selection only works by choosing from among it already working systems but does nothing to explain totatly io the sifiing and preservation thraugh the process af natural selection of the effects of small randam genetic rnutations. No reasonable person doubts that this is a component in the histary of life but that it is the sale and totally adequate cause of all that has happened is sfmply an article af blind belief .lt is a scientifically interesting question fo ask whether ihere mlght be more ta the story than has been told. ln my own mind, the magnitude of the the origin of the first living cells. Furthermore a bacteria prokaryote cell can have a flagellum. The of bacteria are outboard rnotors that bacterial cells can use for self propulsion, They have flagella a long whiplike propeller that is rotated by a molecular motor. The propeller is attached to the motor by a universaljoint, The motor is held in place by proteins. 0ther proteins act as bushing material .-1