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Unit 3, Lesson 4: How did Intensification Lead to the Development of Writing, Laws, and Centralized Governments in Early Civilizations? 1 2 Intensification: New technologies and lifeways enabled humans to extract more resources from a given land area. With more resources from one area, more people could live in one area. Turn and Talk: • What new problems do you think people faced with more people and more resources in one place? • What solutions do you think people developed to solve these problems? 3 More people More resources Intensification Keeping track of products Establishing rules New problems Solving disputes Keeping track of rules 4 2000 3000 4000 BCE 3200 BCE Pictographic record keeping 3000 BCE Signs used to write the Sumerian language 2400 BCE Signs change into cuneiform 1000 BCE 1772 BCE Hammurabi’s Code of Laws enacted History of Writing 5 Political History 3500 BCE Cities growing across Mesopotamia 4000 BCE By 3000 BCE 2800 All BCE Sumerian Some Cities had Sumerian absolute- cities war power with each kings other 3000 After 2350 BCE Mesopotamia controlled by several powerful regional empires – not city states 2350 - 1200 BCE Mesopotamia experiences the continuous rise and fall of various empires 2000 1000 BCE 6 Political History 3500 BCE Cities growing across Mesopotamia By 3000 BCE 2800 All BCE Sumerian Some Cities had Sumerian absolute- cities war power with each kings other After 2350 BCE Mesopotamia controlled by several powerful regional empires – not city states 2000 3000 4000 BCE 3200 BCE Pictographic record keeping 3000 BCE Signs used to write the Sumerian language 2350 - 1200 BCE Mesopotamia experiences the continuous rise and fall of various empires 2400 BCE Signs change into cuneiform 1000 BCE 1772 BCE Hammurabi’s Code of Laws enacted History of Writing 7 1. What happened in Mesopotamia between 3200 BC and 2300 BC? What does this map show? 2. What do you think the word “campaign” means on this map? 8 • What is the difference between these two maps? What changes do these maps show? • What happened in this region between 2230 BC and 1400 BC? • What do you think happened to the Akkadian Empire? • Egypt increased its territory. By what means do you think Egypt achieved this? Read pages 42 – 45. As you read note the similarities and differences between the Babylonian and Assyrian Empires. Record your findings on the Venn Diagram. 12 Political History 3500 BCE Cities growing across Mesopotamia 4000 BCE By 3000 BCE 2800 All BCE Sumerian Some Cities had Sumerian absolute- cities war power with each kings other 3000 After 2350 BCE Mesopotamia controlled by several powerful regional empires – not city states 2350 - 1200 BCE Mesopotamia experiences the continuous rise and fall of various empires 2000 1000 BCE 13 Political History How might writing have helped make controlling a large area easier?? 3500 BCE Cities growing across Mesopotamia By 3000 BCE 2800 All BCE Sumerian Some Cities had Sumerian absolute- cities war power with each kings other After 2350 BCE Mesopotamia controlled by several powerful regional empires – not city states 2000 3000 4000 BCE 3200 BCE Pictographic record keeping 3000 BCE Signs used to write the Sumerian language 2350 - 1200 BCE Mesopotamia experiences the continuous rise and fall of various empires 2400 BCE Signs change into cuneiform 1000 BCE 1772 BCE Hammurabi’s Code of Laws enacted History of Writing 14 Summarization Activity 1. Read the passage on Handout 1 once as a whole section. Important information is underlined. 2. Take turns reading the underlined sentences out loud with a partner. 3. Talk about how you could summarize these ideas in your own words. 4. Create a summary with no more than three sentences. 15 Summarization Example Writing emerged in the region of Mesopotamia, although it was not the creation of any one people. It developed because it was needed to keep track of trade, production, and government. Writing started off in the form of small pictures and changed over time to more complex, less literal symbols. Compare your summary to this one. Reading for More Information Read pages 49 – 50 in your textbook. Find three new pieces of information about the origins of writing in Mesopotamia. 18 The Development of Cuneiform Writing 19 Stop and Jot: • Pick one word and observe how it changes. Describe the changes you see (be sure to write which word you are analyzing). • How did it start and how did it end up? Sumerian Script with Pictographs Reed Stylus and Cuneiform Turn and Talk: • Which way of writing do you think would have been faster and easier? • Which way could record more information in less space? 21 22 Comparing Cuneiform and Hieroglyphics Both systems of writing began with a need to communicate and keep records for reasons connected to agriculture and trade. Both writing systems started out with more literal pictographs and then became more abstract. The technology was different in that cuneiform used the stylus and wedge-shaped imprints which meant it had to be more abstract. Reading for More Information Read pages 93 – 94 in your textbook. Find three new pieces of information about Egyptian hieroglyphics. • Why did we not all translate these messages in exactly the same way? • What would have been difficult about writing this way? • What was difficult about figuring it out? These are artifacts related to Hammurabi’s Code…. Turn and Talk and share your best guesses to these questions: • What do you think these artifacts are? • What do you think Hammurabi’s Code was? 28 Political History 3500 BCE Cities growing across Mesopotamia By 3000 BCE 2800 All BCE Sumerian Some Cities had Sumerian absolute- cities war power with each kings other After 2350 BCE Mesopotamia controlled by several powerful regional empires – not city states 2000 3000 4000 BCE 3200 BCE Pictographic record keeping 3000 BCE Signs used to write the Sumerian language 2350 - 1200 BCE Mesopotamia experiences the continuous rise and fall of various empires 2400 BCE Signs change into cuneiform 1000 BCE 1772 BCE Hammurabi’s Code of Laws enacted History of Writing 29 Read pages 47 to 49 and write answers to these questions. • What was Hammurabi’s Code? • Why was it important? Hammurabi ruled Babylon, an important kingdom in Mesopotamia from 1792-1750 BC/BCE, towards the end of Era 2. The region had been in conflict for a long time before he came to power. He used his army to get control of areas in southern and north-central Mesopotamia. He established almost complete control over these areas, and one way he did this was through his development of a written code of laws. As far as we know, this was not the first written code of law in human history, but it is the earliest legal code which archaeologists have found and deciphered in its entirety. What do you think a shekel is??? Why do you think this was a law? If a man opens a canal for irrigation and neglects it and the water floods a nearby field, he shall pay grain to the owner of the adjacent field. 36 The Egyptians certainly had laws, but that they did not appear to have a single written code of laws like Babylon did. Instead, using other documents, we can make inferences, or best guesses, about the types of laws they likely had What law might be hinted at here? Adding weight to a balance would be a form of cheating in a trade in which weight is used to determine amounts. “I have not added to the weight of the balance.” Turn and Talk: • Why would this be a problem? • Why would someone “add weight to the balance”? 41 More people More resources Intensification Keeping track of products New problems Solving disputes Keeping track of rules Establishing rules New Solutions Writing Systems Laws Written Laws 42 43
