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BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY
BRAIN STEM
ZSOLT LIPOSITS
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MEDULLA OBLONGATA
PONS
MESENCEPHALON
CEREBELLUM
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IV. VENTRICLE
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MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BRAIN STEM
STRUCTURALLY, IT CONSISTS OF THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA, THE PONS AND THE
MESENCEPHALON
ITS CONSTITUENTS DEVELOP FROM THE HINDBRAIN. ALTHOUGH THE CEREBELLUM
ALSO DERIVES FROM THE RHOMBENCEPHALON, FROM DIDACTIC POINT OF VIEW
MOST TEXTBOOKS DESCRIBE IT SEPARATELY
ITS INNER CAVITY IS THE 4TH CEREBRAL VENTRICLE
IMPORTANT SOMATIC AND AUTONOMIC CENTERS ARE LOCATED IN IT
THE PROCESSING CENTERS OF MOST CRANIAL NERVES ARE WITHIN THE BRAIN STEM
A FUNCTIONALLY SIGNIFICANT SYSTEM, THE RETICULAR FORMATION CONTROLLING
VITAL RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY MECHANISMS AND AROUSAL, IS ALSO PART
OF THE BRAIN STEM
IT IS THE MAIN SOURCE OF MONOAMINE TRANSMITTERS
MAJOR MOTOR AND SENSORY PROJECTIONS PASS THROUGH THE BRAIN STEM
SUBCORTICAL ACOUSTIC AND VESTIBULAR CENTERS ARE REPRESENTED IN THE
BRAIN STEM
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PARCELLATION OF THE BRAIN STEM
A PART OF THE HUMAN BRAIN IS SHOWN IN A MID-SAGITTAL SECTION THAT
REVEALS THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE BRAIN STEM. IT WAS SEPARATED FROM
THE SPINAL CORD. NOTE THE CONTINUITY OF THE BRAIN STEM WITH THE DIENCEPHALON. THE MEDULLA, THE PONS AND THE CEREBELLUM SURROUND THE 4TH
CEREBRAL VENTRICLE (GREEN STAR). WITHIN THE MESENCEPHALON, THE RELATIVELY NARROW CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT ( RED ARROW) IS ALSO VISIBLE
DIENCEPHALON
CEREBELLUM
MESENCEPHALON
PONS
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MEDULLA
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STRUCTURES IN THE VICINITY OF BRAIN STEM ON THE VENTRAL SIDE
OPTIC NERVE
TELENCEPHALON
HYPOTHALAMUS
CRUS CEREBRI
PONS
BRACHIUM PONTIS
PYRAMID
INFERIOR OLIVE
CEREBELLUM
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THE ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF THE BASE OF THE BRAIN
ANTERIOR
COMMUNICATING
ARTERY
ANTERIOR CEREBRAL
ARTERY
MIDDLE CEREBRAL
ARTERY
POSTERIOR
COMMUNICATING
ARTERY
INTERNAL CAROTID
ARTERY
POSTERIOR CEREBRAL
ARTERY
BASILAR ARTERY
VERTEBRAL
ARTERY
THE VERTEBRAL AND INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERIES SUPPLY THE BRAIN. THE MAIN BRANCHES ARE
ASSOCIATED WITH THE VENTRAL SURFACE OF THE BRAIN. THE SYSTEMS ARE INTERCONNECTED
VIA THE POSTERIOR COMMUNICATING ARTERIES. THE ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERIES ARE ALSO
INTERCONNECTED BY THE ANTERIOR COMMUNICATING ARTERY. THE ESTABLISHED LOOP IS CALLED,
THE ARTERIAL CIRCLE OF WILLIS
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DORSO-LATERAL VIEW OF THE HUMAN BRAIN STEM
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THE MIDBRAIN, THE PONS AND
THE MEDULLA ARE DEPICTED
AND COLOR CODED IN THE
FIGURE. THE CEREBELLUM HAS
BEEN REMOVED. THE BASE OF
THE 4TH VENTRICLE, THE RHOMBOID FOSSA, IS VISIBLE. SEVERAL CRANIAL NERVES (ARROWS)
EXITING THE BRAIN STEM ARE
ALSO APPARENT
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DORSAL LANDMARKS OF THE BRAIN STEM
THALAMUS
SUPERIOR COLLICULUS
INFERIOR COLLICULUS
4TH CRANIAL NERVE
CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES
4TH VENTRICLE
GRACILE NUCLEUS
CUNEATE NUCLEUS
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BRAIN STEM STRUCTURES ON THE VENTRAL SURFACE
CRUS CEREBRI
N. III.
N. V.
BRACHIUM PONTIS
PONS
N. VII.-VIII.
N. VI.
N. IX.-X.-XI.
OLIVE
N. XII.
PYRAMID
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BRAIN STEM STRUCTURES ON THE VENTRAL SURFACE
F
CRUS CEREBRI
OCULOMOTOR NERVE (III)
TRIGEMINAL NERVE (V)
CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES
PONS
FACIAL (VII) AND STATO-ACOUSTIC
(VIII) NERVES
ABDUCENT NERVE (VI)
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE (IX)
VAGAL NERVE(X)
ACCESSORY NERVE (XI)
INFERIOR OLIVE
HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (XII)
PYRAMID
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THE BOUNDARIES OF THE IV TH VENTRICLE
THE ROOF THE 4TH VENTRICLE IS
COMPOSED OF THE SUPERIOR
MEDULLARY VELUM, THE INFERIOR
MEDULLARY VELUM AND THE
CHOROID PLEXUS OF THE
VENTRICLE. THE FLOOR HAS A
RHOMBOID SHAPE. ITS UPPER PART
IS FORMED BY THE PONS, THE
LOWER HALF IS MADE BY THE OPEN
PART OF THE MEDULLA. THE
DASHED LINE DEMARCATES THE
CLOSED AND OPEN SEGMENTS OF
THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA.
THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID LEAVES
THE VENTRICULAR SYSTEM
THROUGH OPENINGS OF THE 4TH
VENTRICLE
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Velum medullare superius
LATERAL VENTRICLE
Velum medullare inferius
III. VENTRICLE
AQUEDUCT
Plexus chorioideus vent. IV.
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IV. VENTRICLE
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THE RHOMBOID FOSSA AND ITS STRUCTURES
MEDIAL EMINENCE
PONS
FACIAL COLLICULUS
LOCUS CERULEUS
MEDULLARY STRIAE
D. COCHLEAR NUCLEUS
VESTIBULAR AREA
HYPOGLOSSAL TRIGONE
MEDULLA
VAGAL TRIGONE
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COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE INTRA- AND EXTRACEREBRAL
LIQUOR COMPARTMENTS
II
I
CA
A
IV
4TH VENTRICLE
III
B
A. MOULD OF THE CEREBRAL VENTRICLES. I. AND II. LATERAL VENTRICLES. III. THIRD
VENTRICLE. CA. CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT. IV. FOURTH VENTRICLE.
B. LIQUOR PRODUCED BY THE CHOROID PLEXUS IN THE LATERAL, THIRD AND FOURTH
CEREBRAL VENTRICLES GETS OUT OF THE INTRACEREBRAL COMPARTMENT TO THE
EXTERNAL, SUBARACHNOID SPACE VIA THE MAGENDIE AND LUSCHKA FORAMINA DEPICTED IN FIGURE B
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