Download 15 th Amendment - Waynesville R

1st Semester
1. Primary Source: Firsthand accounts or artifacts that may be used by historians in
trying to reconstruct and interpret the past
2. Economy: The wealth and resources of a country or region, especially in terms of
the production and consumption of goods and services
3. Reconstruction: Program implemented by the Federal Government between to
repair damage to the South caused by the Civil War and restore the southern
states to the Union
4. 13th Amendment: constitutional amendment that freed all slaves and forbids
labor done against one’s will.
5. 14th Amendment: constitutional amendment that defined citizenship as all
persons born or naturalized to the US, and guaranteed citizens equal protection
under the law
6. 15th Amendment: 1870 constitutional amendment that guaranteed voting rights
regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
7. Dawes Act: 1887 law that end reservation systems and instead divided
reservation land into private family plots of 160 acres
8. Homestead Act: 1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens willing to live
on and cultivate it for five years
9. Manifest Destiny: 19th century doctrine that westward expansion of the United
States was not only inevitable but a God-given right
10. Sharecropping: System in which a farmer tended a portion of a planter’s land in
return for a share of the crop.
11. Steel Belt: Region located in the North Eastern part of the United States where
most of the heavy industry was once located due to availability of natural
resources and labor
12. Laissez Faire: lenient, as in the absence of government control over private
business
13. Monopoly: exclusive control by one company over an entire industry or product
14. Social Darwinism: the belief held by some in the late nineteenth century that
certain nations and races were superior to others and therefore destined to rule
over others, based on survival of the fittest
15. Interstate Commerce Act: enacted in 1887, established the federal
government’s right to supervise railroad activities and created a five-member
board to regulate businesses crossing state lines such as railroads
16. Sherman Anti-Trust Act: 1890 law banning any trust that restrained interstate
trade or business
17. Labor Unions: An organization of workers formed for the purpose of improving
wages and working conditions
18. Socialism: economic and political theory advocating government ownership and
administration of the natural resources, buildings, money used to produce goods,
and the distribution of those goods
19. Immigration Stations: processing facilities for people entering the country,
located at several key locations in America. Western Europeans and Russians
primarily entered through Ellis Island, while Asians primarily entered through
Angel Island.
20. Assimilation: to be absorbed into the main culture of a society
21. Nativism: belief that whites born in America are superior to new immigrants
22. Chinese Exclusion Act: 1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese
laborers
23. Urbanization: Expansion of cities and/or an increase in the number of people
living in them
24. Tenements: Multistory buildings divided into apartments to shelter as many
families as possible
25. Gilded Age: Term coined by Mark Twain to describe the post-Reconstruction
era, which was characterized by rapid economic growth, but hid major social
problems and government corruption.
26. Jim Crow Laws: segregation laws enacted in the South after Reconstruction
27. 15th Amendment: 1870 Amendment prohibited State governments from denying
someone the right to vote because of “race, color, or previous condition of
servitude
28. Plessey v. Ferguson: 1896 decision, in which the Supreme Court ruled that
"separate but equal" facilities did not violate the Constitution
29. Washington vs Du Bois: African-Americans who debated the best way for
blacks to gain equality in America at the turn of the 20th century.
30. Spoils System: practice of the political party in power giving jobs and
appointments to its supporters, rather than to people base on their qualifications.
31. Tariff: tax on imported goods
32. Civil Service: a system that includes federal jobs in the executive branch
33. Populist Party: political group formed in 1891 that drew support especially from
farmers, to advocate a larger money supply (by coining silver) and other
economic reforms
34. Progressivism: movement that responded to the problems created by
industrialization and urbanization through promoting reforms socially and
politically
35. Settlement House: community center organized at the turn of the twentieth
century to provide social services to the urban poor
36. Initiative: process in which citizens put a proposed new law directly on the ballot
37. Referendum: process that allows citizens to approve or reject a law passed by a
legislature
38. 19th Amendment: constitutional amendment that gave women the right to vote
39. NAACP: interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and
discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans
40. Pure Food & Drug Act: 1906 law that allowed federal inspection of food and
medicine and banned the interstate shipment and sale of impure food and the
mislabeling of food and drugs
41. 16th Amendment: The constitutional amendment that granted Congress the
power to collect taxes on people’s income
42. Federal Reserve Act: 1913 law that created a national banking system controlled
by a central board. The system established 12 regional banks that hold money
from commercial banks, sets interest rates, and supervises commercial banks
43. 17th Amendment: The constitutional amendment that requires senators to be
directly elected by the people of each state. Before this amendment state
legislatures chose senators
44. Imperialism: political, military, and economic domination of strong nations over
weaker territories
45. Open Door Policy: American statement that the government did not want
colonies in China, but favored free trade for all countries
46. Gentleman’s Agreement: pact between the United States and Japan to end
segregation of Asian children in San Francisco public schools; in return, Japan
agreed to limit the immigration of Big Stick Diplomacy: Theodore Roosevelt’s
policy of creating and using, when necessary, a strong military to achieve
America’s goals of expansion
47. its citizens to the United States
48. Roosevelt Corollary: President Theodore Roosevelt’s strong support of the
Monroe Doctrine and willingness to use force in order to keep the Western
Hemisphere free from intervention by European powers
49. Nationalism: loyalty and devotion to one’s nation
50. Alliance System: Agreement between nations that provided mutual protection in
the case of conflict, contributed to the cause of WWI
51. Neutrality: the state of not supporting or helping any side in a conflict or
disagreement
52. Isolationism: Opposition to political and economic entanglements with other
countries
53. Selective Service Act: act passed by Congress in 1917 authorizing a draft of men
for military service
54. Espionage Act: passed by Congress in 1917 enacting severe penalties for anyone
engaged in disloyal or treasonable activities
55. Sedition Act: 1798 law that allowed the prosecution of critics of the government
56. Schenk vs United States: Supreme Court decision upholding the Espionage and
Sedition Acts by ruling that freedom of speech could be limited during a time of
war
57. Great Migration: movement of African Americans in the twentieth century from
the rural South to the industrial North
58. Fourteen Points: List of terms for resolving World War I and future wars
outlined by President Woodrow Wilson
59. Treaty of Versailles: The 1919 peace agreement at the end of World War I that
established new nations, borders, and war reparations (money payment for
damages)
60. Radicals: Group(s) favoring extreme form of fundamental change from the
present
61. Red Scare: fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of
life
62. Communism: economic system in which government owns and controls all
aspects of an economy; planners make most economic decision based on the
countries needs, and in theory all workers own and share wealth equally
63. Capitalism: free enterprise, in which individuals own most businesses,
entrepreneurs, who seek to make a profit from ideas or products
64. Quota System: 1921 law that limited by nationality the number of immigrants
who may enter the U.S. each year.
65. 18th Amendment: the forbidding by law of the manufacture, transport, and sale
of alcohol
66. Harlem Renaissance: period during the 1920’s in which African-American
novelists, poets, and artists celebrated their culture
2nd Semester
67. Stock Market Crash: Occurred in 1929 and signaled the beginning of the Great
Depression.
68. Dust Bowl: term used for the central and southern great Plains during the 1930’s
when the region suffered from drought and dust storms
69. Bonus Army: group of World War I veterans who marched on Washington,
D.C., in 1932 to demand early payment of a bonus promised them by Congress
70. New Deal: programs and legislation enacted by Franklin D. Roosevelt during the
Great Depression to promote economic recovery and social reform
71. Checks & Balance: system in which each branch of the government has the
power to monitor and limit the actions of the other two
72. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA): Government agency that built dams to
control flooding and generate electric power
73. Works Progress Administration (WPA): Key New Deal agency that provided
jobs to the unemployed through various public projects
74. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC): government agency that
protects peoples savings in banks
75. Social Security Act: 1935 law that set up a pension system for retirees,
established unemployment insurance, and created insurance for victims of workrelated accidents. It also provided aid for poverty stricken mothers and children,
the blind, and the disabled
76. Welfare State: government that assumes responsibility for providing for the
welfare of the poor, elderly, sick, and unemployed
77. Totalitarianism: a theory of government in which a single party or leader
controls the economic, social, and cultural lives of its people
78. Appeasement: policy of giving into the demands of an aggressor in order to keep
the peace
79. Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact: 1939 agreement between two countries that
allowed Hitler to avoid having to fight a two front war and secretly divided
Poland in half
80. Lend Lease Act: act passed in 1941 that allowed President Roosevelt to sell or
lend war supplies to any country whose defense he considered vital to the safety
of the United States
81. Total War: military strategy in which an army attacks not only enemy troops but
the economic and civilian resources that support them
82. Korematsu vs United States: 1944 decision in which the Supreme Court ruled
that during times of war the government may limit the civil rights of a single
racial group
83. Manhattan Project: code name of the project that developed the atomic bomb
84. Potsdam Conference: meeting in the summer of 1945 between Great Britain,
Russia, and the United States in which post WWII plans were laid out.
85. United Nations: Organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and
replace the defunct League of Nations
86. Nuremburg Trials: hearings in which Nazi leaders were charged with war
crimes. Established that soldiers can be held individually responsible for crimes
despite following orders.
87. GI Bill of Rights: eased the return of World War II veterans by providing
education and employment aid
88. Iron Curtain: term coined by Winston Churchill to describe the border between
the Soviet satellite states and Western Europe
89. Marshall Plan: foreign policy that offered economic aid to Western European
countries after World War II
90. Containment: The blocking of another nation’s attempts to spread its influenceespecially the efforts of the United States to block the spread of Soviet influence
during the late 1940’s and early 1950’s.
91. NATO: military alliance formed to counter soviet expansion
92. HUAC: congressional committee that investigated possible subversive activities,
communist activities in particular, within the United States
93. McCarthyism: practice of making unfair accusations or investigations of
disloyalty, subversion, or treason without evidence
94. Baby Boomers: the large number of children born between 1945 and 1964
95. Sun Belt: name given to the region of states in the South and the Southwest
experiencing population increase due to technological innovations and job
opportunities.
96. Brown vs Board of Education: 1954 decision, in which the Supreme Court
ruled that segregation in education was unconstitutional because it prevented an
equal education for all races
97. Montgomery Boycott: 1955-1956 protest by African-Americans in
Montgomery, Alabama, against racial segregation in the bus system
98. Civil Rights Act 1964: outlawed discrimination in public places and employment
based on race, religion, or national origin.
99. Black Power: movement in the 1960's that urged African-Americans to use their
collective political and economic power to gain equality
100. Voting Rights Act of 1965: law that banned literacy testes and empowered the
federal government to oversee voter registration
101. Cuban Missile Crisis: 1962 conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet Union
resulting from the Soviet installation of nuclear missiles 90 miles off the U.S.
Coast
102. Berlin Wall: dividing wall built by East Germany in 1961 to isolate West berlin
from Communist controlled East Berlin
103. Deficit Spending: practice of a nation paying out more money than it is receiving
in revenues
104. Great Society: President Johnson's goals in the areas of health care, education,
the environment, discrimination, and poverty
105. Miranda vs. Arizona: 1966 Supreme Court ruled that an accused criminal had to
be informed of his or her Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights before being
questioned
106. Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965: law that changed the national quota
system to limits of 170,000 immigrants per year from the Eastern Hemisphere and
120,000 per year from the Western Hemisphere.
107. Domino Theory: idea that if a nation falls to communism, its closest neighbors
will also fall under communist control
108. TET Offensive: a surprise North Vietnamese assault on South Vietnam which
failed militarily, but changed American opinion against the Vietnam war
109. War Powers Act: 1973 law passed by Congress restricting the President’s warmaking powers; requires the President to consult with Congress before
committing American Forces to a foreign conflict
110. Counter Culture: movement that upheld values different form those of
mainstream culture
111. 26th Amendment: Voting age lowered to 18
112. Détente: flexible diplomacy adopted by Richard Nixon to ease tensions between
the United States, the Soviet Union, and the People’s Republic of China
113. Watergate: Political scandal involving illegal activates that ultimately led to the
resignation of President Nixon in 1974
114. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): group of countries
which sell oil to other nations and cooperate to regulate the price and supply of oil
115. Rust Belt: area once known as the steel belt until the 1970's when manufacturers
relocated to the Sunbelt were goods could be produced more cheaply.
116. Reaganomics: economic policy based on supply-side economics which believes if
taxes are reduced, people will work more and have more money to spend causing
an economy to grow